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1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 al antarctic arctic area between biological bleaching butterflies case change climate climatic communities conditions coral data days de der different distribution during ecosystems eds effects environmental et europe even events expansion factors figure first flora global habitat high however ice impacts increase island may mean model new northern number observations observed period plant population present press range rates recent records reef regions response results scale sea seals see several shifts sites smith southern species spring studies table temperature time total trends two values variables variation vegetation warming water years |