Theme and Purpose of this Volume. The authors and editors assembled this Volume with several broad themes in mind. First, the most important goal of failure analysis is to decrease the occurrence of component failures through the understanding of the root cause for failure. Experienced failure analysts are often frustrated when, despite extensive engineering research, investigations, and failure analysis reports, the same types of failures occur again and again. When the root cause has been identified as defective global design rather than abuse or misuse, product quality and reliability is improved.
The failure analyst should strive to uncover the underlying or root (technical) cause of the failure. The fact that a specific component appears to have failed in some way does not automatically mean that the component itself is defective. The problem may lie in the way the component was used, inspected, or maintained. If it is truly defective, then the analysis should determine whether the defect originates in design, manufacture (fabrication and assembly), material selection/processing, or unexpected service environment.
This Volume provides a framework for investigating the above issues. In addition to sections devoted to design and manufacture, there are also sections on failures that occur through fracture, corrosion, and wear, as well as an article on failure through deformation. This Volume is also an attempt to address the principles, tools, techniques, and procedures necessary to plan, organize, and conduct a thorough investigation. Not every failure investigation is the same, and a failure root-cause analysis is more than a microstructural examination, a stress analysis, or a chemical corrosion analysis. All of these disciplines, as well as others, may be required to reach a root cause conclusion.
No single volume, no matter how comprehensive, can present all the information that may potentially be needed. The emphasis of this Volume is on general principles with the widest applicability to situations that the reader is likely to encounter. References and sources of further information are provided throughout. While some common types of components or equipment may be included in some detail, not every type of machine can be treated. The reader is encouraged, and in fact urged, to pursue additional sources of information so as to understand the function and history of the component, machine, or system that is under investigation. --ASM International