America as Second Creation: Technology and Narratives of New Beginnings [Paperback]

David E. Nye (Author)

Book Description

ISBN-10: 0262640597 | ISBN-13: 978-0262640596 | Publication Date: September 17, 2004 | Edition: New Ed

After 1776, the former American colonies began to reimagine themselves as a unified, self-created community. Technologies had an important role in the resulting national narratives, and a few technologies assumed particular prominence. Among these were the axe, the mill, the canal, the railroad, and the irrigation dam. In this book David Nye explores the stories that clustered around these technologies. In doing so, he rediscovers an American story of origins, with America conceived as a second creation built in harmony with God's first creation.While mainstream Americans constructed technological foundation stories to explain their place in the New World, however, marginalized groups told other stories of destruction and loss. Native Americans protested the loss of their forests, fishermen resisted the construction of dams, and early environmentalists feared the exhaustionof resources. A water mill could be viewed as the kernel of a new community or as a new way to exploit labor. If passengers comprehended railways as part of a larger narrative about American expansion and progress, many farmers attacked railroad land grants. To explore these contradictions, Nye devotes alternating chapters to narratives of second creation and to narratives of those who rejected it.Nye draws on popular literature, speeches, advertisements, paintings, and many other media to create a history of American foundation stories. He shows how these stories were revised periodically, as social and economic conditions changed, without ever erasing the earlier stories entirely. The image of the isolated frontier family carving a homestead out of the wilderness with an axe persists to this day, alongside later images and narratives. In the book's conclusion, Nye considers the relation between these earlier stories and such later American developments as the conservation movement, narratives of environmental recovery, and the idealization of wilderness.

Editorial Reviews

Review

"The axe, the mill, the canal, and the railroad: From the grid to ecofeminism, David Nye's America as Second Creation offers a new, far-ranging, and detail-rich account of the changing technological foundation stories that have accompanied and helped shape US culture, and of the counternarratives that have challenged the dominant ideology."--Werner Sollors, Harvard University, and author of *Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture*

"A superb analysis of cultural icons too often mentioned or cited but almost never analyzed." John Stilgoe, Harvard University

"America as Second Creation is a thought-provoking, readable and vital addition to the literature of American studies." Richard Haw American Studies

" America as Second Creation brilliantly reworks Leo Marx"s Machine in the Garden thesis in the light of four decades of scholarship on technology, environment, and American culture. David Nye"s dissection of America"s foundation narratives—and their simultaneously elaborated counter-narratives—is masterly. Log cabin, mill, canal and railroad, irrigation, and river regulation: he shows how each technology has been mythologized to account for the triumph, or disaster, of American social and environmental making. Leo Marx"s machine has been reassembled, his garden re-fertilized, their shared story re-energized." Denis Cosgrove, Alexander von Humboldt Professor of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles

"Mr. Nye [is] a remarkable chronicler of how technological change has impressed itself on the American character." E. Rothstein The New York Times Website

"Pathbreaking, richly researched—one cannot read America as Second Creation without seeing our history, and our present-day problems, with fresh eyes. Nye brilliantly deconstructs the long standing American belief that technology, from the humble woodsman's axe and water-powered mill to the transcontinental railroads and gigantic irrigation projects, wrought a 'second creation' and improved on God's original handiwork." Joseph J. Corn, Department of History, Stanford University

"Well imagined, meticulously researched, handsomely illustrated, and scrupulously fair." Simon Ings NewScientist

"Pathbreaking, richly researched -- one cannot read *America as Second Creation* without seeing our history, and our present-day problems, with fresh eyes. Nye brilliantly deconstructs the longstanding American belief that technology, from the humble woodsman's ax and water-powered mill to the transcontinental railroads and gigantic irrigation projects, wrought a 'second creation' and improved on God's original handiwork."--Joseph J. Corn, Department of History, Stanford University

"*America as Second Creation* brilliantly reworks Leo Marx's Machine in the Garden thesis in the light of four decades of scholarship on technology, environment and American culture. David Nye's dissection of America's foundation narratives - and their simultaneously elaborated counter-narratives - is masterly. Log cabin, mill, canal and railroad, irrigation and river regulation: he shows how each technology has been mythologized to account for the triumph, or disaster, of American social and environmental making. Leo Marx's machine has been reassembled, his garden re-fertilized, their shared story re-energized."--Denis Cosgrove, Alexander von Humboldt Professor of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles

From the Inside Flap

"A superb analysis of cultural icons too often mentioned or cited but almost never analyzed."
--John R. Stilgoe, Robert & Lois Orchard Professor in the History of Landscape, Havrard University

"The axe, the mill, the canal, and the railroad: From the grid to ecofeminism, David Nye's America as Second Creation offers a new, far-ranging, and detail-rich account of the changing technological foundation stories that have accompanied and helped shape US culture, and of the counternarratives that have challenged the dominant ideology."
--Werner Sollors, Harvard University, and author of *Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture*

"Pathbreaking, richly researched -- one cannot read *America as Second Creation* without seeing our history, and our present-day problems, with fresh eyes. Nye brilliantly deconstructs the longstanding American belief that technology, from the humble woodsman's ax and water-powered mill to the transcontinental railroads and gigantic irrigation projects, wrought a 'second creation' and improved on God's original handiwork."
--Joseph J. Corn, Department of History, Stanford University

"*America as Second Creation* brilliantly reworks Leo Marx's Machine in the Garden thesis in the light of four decades of scholarship on technology, environment and American culture. David Nye's dissection of America's foundation narratives - and their simultaneously elaborated counter-narratives - is masterly. Log cabin, mill, canal and railroad, irrigation and river regulation: he shows how each technology has been mythologized to account for the triumph, or disaster, of American social and environmental making. Leo Marx's machine has been reassembled, his garden re-fertilized, their shared story re-energized."
--Denis Cosgrove, Alexander von Humboldt Professor of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles

See all Editorial Reviews

Product Details

• Paperback: 383 pages
• Publisher: The MIT Press; New Ed edition (September 17, 2004)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0262640597
• ISBN-13: 978-0262640596
• Product Dimensions: 8.5 x 5.6 x 0.9 inches
• Shipping Weight: 1.1 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
• Average Customer Review: 4.2 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (4 customer reviews)
• Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #793,709 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

More About the Author

David E. Nye's publications focus on technology and American society. He was born in Boston, and educated at Amherst College and the University of Minnesota. He has taught in both the United States and Europe, and he has lectured in every western European country. Author or editor of 20 books, he has won grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, the Leverhulme Foundation, and national research councils in Denmark and Holland. He has appeared on NOVA, the BBC, and Danish television, and has been a visiting scholar at Cambridge, Leeds, Harvard, MIT, Warwick, Oviedo, and Notre Dame. In 2005 he received the Leonardo da Vinci Medal, the lifetime achievement award and highest honor of the Society for the History of Technoloy.

Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews

15 of 16 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars draws together U.S. history and environmentalism, September 24, 2003

By 

C. Kollars (Ipswich, Massachusetts USA) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   

This review is from: America as Second Creation: Technology and Narratives of New Beginnings (Hardcover)

This short book showed me a great deal about both U.S. history and environmentalism. The extensive notes and huge bibliography mark the book not just as inviting severe academic scrutiny but as a pithy summary of a lifetime of information. If my library was as large as this bibliography, I'd feel obligated to open it to the public.

The book is organized around technologies that were used in the white settlement of the U.S.: the different and more efficient American axe (and the log cabin), the water powered mill, the canal and the railroad, and irrigation infrastructure such as dams. With these various technogies over time settlers "improved" the land they found. They felt it took both nature's "first creation" and their efforts at "second creation" to complete the work and make the land truly suitable for life. After years of wondering, here finally is an explanation of what early settlers were thinking when they did things that now seem extremely ecologically destructive.

The book calls out four assumptions of second creation: i) grid surveys were a good way to apportion and settle the fairly uniform land ii) free markets allowed individuals to do whatever made most sense without regard to legislative edicts and local monopolies iii) resources --especially land-- were abundant so that population growth didn't have to worry about the downward resource spiral suggested by Malthus and iv) the universe supported changes at no cost rather than levying an entropic tax on every effort at long-term progress. All four were critical to underpinning our foundation story; all four were eventually thrown in the dustbin of history. Those neat squares are a hallmark of flying over the western U.S., but they condemned neighbors to live a half mile apart rather than in towns, and they dismally failed to promote individual ownership of lands that needed to be irrigated. I'll let the book fill out the details of the remaining three assumptions.

I'd wondered casually about but never seriously questioned the emphasis on water power rather than steam power in the early U.S. I learned our thinkers were glad surfeit of rivers and lack of coal leaned this way, because water power was thought to be more natural and hence to have beneficial sociological effects! Many early investors honestly thought that so long as mills used water power rather than steam power, they couldn't create a downtrodden working class like British mills. I also learned that mills were common in the Southern states too; although they arrived there a generation later, they weren't completely absent as I had thought.

Even though I live near historic Lowell Massachusetts ("spindle city") and thought I was quite familiar with the history of mills in the U.S., the book taught me some new local details. It alerted me to the former existence of the Middlesex Canal that extended almost 30 miles from the Merrimack River to Boston, and to the original construction of the Pawtucket Canal not for the mills but for transportation. Once I knew to look for the Middlesex Canal, I found maps, an interpretive museum which I visited, and even remaining bits and pieces explaining odd landscape features that had never made sense before.

I was also alerted to the fact that the old gristmill I'm familiar with near the Wayside Inn in Sudbury Massachusetts was in fact a reconstruction early in the last century.

And the many references led me to 'The Education of Henry Adams', an autobiography that although clearly a century old speaks to our time. My old public library, which has a vault in the basement and some materials that go back to the sixteen hundreds, still had a copy on its open shelves. When checking it out I commented to the librarian I was glad the library had so many "old" books, and she in turn commented that she was glad to see at least one patron using the older book room.

As time passed and as settlement proceeded westward, the necessary technologies expanded from things each individual could manipulate to things that could only be done by huge collectives. One man could make a clearing with an axe. But only the federal government could construct Boulder Dam. The individualism that's so tightly woven into the U.S. persona made less and less sense as settlement proceeded into the high plains and the arid regions. Even in the already settled east, large civil engineering works such as water pumping stations were once highly visible public technology.

5.0 out of 5 stars revealing engagement of "technological narratives" and their counternarratives, March 11, 2008

By 

Wes Howard-Brook (Issaquah, WA) - See all my reviews

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This review is from: America as Second Creation: Technology and Narratives of New Beginnings (Hardcover)

As the internet, cell phone and laptop continue to be proclaimed and experienced as uniters of a global social and economic world, David Nye's gathering of the narratives of earlier technologies and their world shaping capacities is both timely and revealing.

From the American axe to irrigation, Nye shows how stories were developed and repeated which portrayed the continent as "in need" of "completion" by human effort. He shows how these narratives replaced the previous generation of "conquest narratives" in which colonists confronted and were confronted by "savages." Now, the "savages" are gone, replaced by an empty landscape awaiting the surveyor's measure, the pioneer's axe, the mill's water power, the railroad's steam and so forth.

Wonderfully, he uncovers some forgotten counter-stories as well. Who knew or remembered that the 1850s included predictions that technological abuse of the earth would result in climate change and species loss? One can hear and see both the story of American triumph over nature and the correlative tragedy of environmental and social destruction that have come in the wake of that "triumph."

Nye's book was a pleasure to read, filled with interesting anecdotes and deeply reflective insights that reveal a sharply defined pattern over two hundred years of American relationship with technology and the earth.

0 of 1 people found the following review helpful:

4.0 out of 5 stars Great Book, January 3, 2007

By 

Joe O. "Joe" (Chicago, IL USA) - See all my reviews

This review is from: America as Second Creation: Technology and Narratives of New Beginnings (Paperback)

This book is great if you are interested in the history of Americans feeling entitled to everything. Through the use of several historical narratives, the author outlines how manifest destiny was justified and continually affirmed by stories that abandon scarcity and preservation for faith in natural abundance. Nye takes the approach of telling the mainstream foudation story, such as the story of the axe and the mill from the perspective of the settlers/mainstream Americans, and in the following chapter gives the perspective of those not in the mainstream (such as the Native Americans and environmentalists). This approach to writing gives the book a Zinn-like quality; and may have been written in this way to piggy-back on the popularity of "A People's History of the United States," which was originally released in 1980, and enjoyed a popular resurgence in 2003. I enjoyed this book greatly.