In American Homicide, Randolph Roth charts changes in the character and incidence of homicide in the U.S. from colonial times to the present. Roth argues that the United States is distinctive in its level of violence among unrelated adults—friends, acquaintances, and strangers. America was extraordinarily homicidal in the mid-seventeenth century, but it became relatively non-homicidal by the mid-eighteenth century, even in the slave South; and by the early nineteenth century, rates in the North and the mountain South were extremely low. But the homicide rate rose substantially among unrelated adults in the slave South after the American Revolution; and it skyrocketed across the United States from the late 1840s through the mid-1870s, while rates in most other Western nations held steady or fell. That surge—and all subsequent increases in the homicide rate—correlated closely with four distinct phenomena: political instability; a loss of government legitimacy; a loss of fellow-feeling among members of society caused by racial, religious, or political antagonism; and a loss of faith in the social hierarchy. Those four factors, Roth argues, best explain why homicide rates have gone up and down in the United States and in other Western nations over the past four centuries, and why the United States is today the most homicidal affluent nation.
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Editorial Reviews
From Publishers Weekly
Ohio State history professor Roth's ambitious project—analyzing American homicide from colonial times to the present—makes for an intriguing if dense read. He distills his argument into several key statistics, all of which hinge upon the fact that Americans are murdered more frequently than citizens in any other first world democracy: U.S. homicide rates are between six and nine per 100,000 people. Roth refutes popular theories about why this is so (e.g., poverty, drugs) and lays out an alternate hypothesis: increases in homicide rates correlate with changes in people's feelings about government and society, such as whether they trust government and its officials and their sense of kinship with fellow citizens. Roth examines homicides by historical period, race and region, especially significant when comparing the ante- and postbellum North and South—turmoil and divisiveness in the South led to an explosion of murder in some areas during the war that continued during Reconstruction. Readers impatient with statistics or desiring a more narrative overview may be disappointed, but those wanting to learn what history can teach us about this most primal act of aggression will find Roth's analysis fascinating. (Oct.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Review
Randolph Roth's American Homicide should take its place as the definitive study in its field.
--Roger Lane, author of Murder in America: A History
[Roth] distills his argument into several key statistics, all of which hinge upon the fact that Americans are murdered more frequently than citizens in any other first world democracy: U.S. homicide rates are between six and nine per 100,000 people. Roth refutes popular theories about why this is so (e.g., poverty, drugs) and lays out an alternate hypothesis: "increases in homicide rates" correlate with changes in people's feelings about government and society, such as whether they trust government and its officials and their sense of kinship with fellow citizens. Roth examines homicides by historical period, race and region, especially significant when comparing the ante- and postbellum North and South--turmoil and divisiveness in the South led to an explosion of murder in some areas during the war that continued during Reconstruction...Those wanting to learn what history can teach us about this most primal act of aggression will find Roth's analysis fascinating. (Publishers Weekly 20090824)
Roth meticulously mines not only court records but also newspaper accounts, vital records, and attitudes expressed in diaries and letters, concluding that killings "are not determined by proximate causes such as poverty, drugs, unemployment, alcohol, race, or ethnicity, but by factors...like the feelings that people have toward their government, the degree to which they identify with members of their own communities, and the opportunities they have to earn respect without resorting to violence." This nuanced treatise regards social factors as correlative or coincidental rather than causative, seeing alienation and a deep absence of belief in governmental legitimacy as signifiers of violent actions.
--Frederick J. Augustyn Jr. (Library Journal 20090915)
American Homicide offers a vast investigation of murder, in the aggregate, and over time. Roth's argument is profoundly unsettling...As a discussion of the available data, American Homicide is rich, fascinating, and unrivalled.
--Jill Lepore (New Yorker 20091109)
In American Homicide, Randolph Roth traces the history of our murdering ways through the lens of our feelings about those in power...Roth argues that how we see ourselves in relation to our government--fringe movement or ruling party, patronized or disenfranchised--is at the heart of many decisions to take another life...If an individual feels secure in his social standing, it's easier to get over life's disappointments. But for a person who feels alienated from the American Dream, the tiniest offense can provoke a murderous rage... Looking at the fluctuating homicide rate at various times in our history, Roth tracks the historical consequences of shifting power. After the Revolutionary War, murder rates soared as the newly formed U.S. struggled to absorb British loyalists. The end of the Civil War didn't relieve the bitterness many Southerners felt toward the government and it shows in the precipitous rise in homicides in the rural South. On a positive note, Roth credits FDR for falling murder rates in the 1930s as Roosevelt's New Deal "increased Americans' faith in the country, their leadership, and one another."...Roth's book also offers a warning about our volatile political rhetoric. Words can have real-life, even violent, consequences. American Homicide is a vivid reminder that politics isn't just about winning–it's also about how you treat those who lose.
--Raina Kelley (Newsweek 20091116)
Randolph Roth's American Homicide presents a working hypothesis about why America is the most murderous of all the so-called First World nations. Roth's conclusions are profound and disturbing.
--Richard Rayner (Los Angeles Times 20091129)
American Homicide by Randolph Roth is a wonky, meticulously researched, fascinating survey of murder in America and why we've become the bloodiest wealthy nation on earth. Roth begins in the colonial period, then walks us through American history as he documents, analyzes, and hypothesizes about the evolving reasons why, how, and how often we kill one another. He looks at regional and chronological variances in the homicide rate, as well the differences between murders where killer and victim know one another versus when the two are strangers. Roth concludes from his research that four factors contribute to fluctuations in the murder rate in America: political instability; loss of government legitimacy; loss of a feeling of belonging among outcast or historically oppressed groups; and loss of faith in the social hierarchy. Crudely summarized, when Americans believe we're being governed wisely, fairly, equally, and legitimately, we're peaceful and productive. But when government misbehaves, the citizenry does too.
--Radley Balko (Reason 20091230)
In American Homicide, Randolph Roth offers an intriguing hypothesis to explain the country's homicide rates: Murder isn't personal; it's political. Drawing on the work of criminologist Gary LaFree, who argues that, in the 20th century, the crime rate increased when people reported greater distrust in government and other social institutions, Roth looks back through American history and locates a similar force at work over the previous century-and-a-half. According to Roth, homicide rates among unrelated adults are not determined by proximate causes such as poverty, drugs, unemployment, alcohol, race, or ethnicity. Nor are they influenced by stricter prison sentences or other tough-on-crime measures...With few exceptions during the 20th century, ours has remained the most murderous democracy in the world...In the end, whether or not we embrace Roth's thesis as definitive, his provocative and wide-ranging history persuasively argues for the benefits of a less divisive and polarized political culture. After all, if Roth is right, it just might be killing us.
--Christine Rosen (Weekly Standard 20100201)
A groundbreaking book...that offers something like a unified theory of why Americans kill each other at such a high rate and what can be done about it.
--Gregory Rodriguez (Los Angeles Times 20100412)
[A] magisterial analysis of the history of homicide in America...The heart of Roth's concern is to explain both the historical fluctuations that he so meticulously charts, and America's comparative exceptionalism in regard to murder. He stresses the enormous gulf in U.S. homicide rates compared with other affluent democracies...His book is a major achievement in charting the long-term patterns in American homicide, and broadly relating them to variations in political economy and culture.
--Robert Reiner (Times Literary Supplement 20100611)
--Roger Lane, author of Murder in America: A History
[Roth] distills his argument into several key statistics, all of which hinge upon the fact that Americans are murdered more frequently than citizens in any other first world democracy: U.S. homicide rates are between six and nine per 100,000 people. Roth refutes popular theories about why this is so (e.g., poverty, drugs) and lays out an alternate hypothesis: "increases in homicide rates" correlate with changes in people's feelings about government and society, such as whether they trust government and its officials and their sense of kinship with fellow citizens. Roth examines homicides by historical period, race and region, especially significant when comparing the ante- and postbellum North and South--turmoil and divisiveness in the South led to an explosion of murder in some areas during the war that continued during Reconstruction...Those wanting to learn what history can teach us about this most primal act of aggression will find Roth's analysis fascinating. (Publishers Weekly 20090824)
Roth meticulously mines not only court records but also newspaper accounts, vital records, and attitudes expressed in diaries and letters, concluding that killings "are not determined by proximate causes such as poverty, drugs, unemployment, alcohol, race, or ethnicity, but by factors...like the feelings that people have toward their government, the degree to which they identify with members of their own communities, and the opportunities they have to earn respect without resorting to violence." This nuanced treatise regards social factors as correlative or coincidental rather than causative, seeing alienation and a deep absence of belief in governmental legitimacy as signifiers of violent actions.
--Frederick J. Augustyn Jr. (Library Journal 20090915)
American Homicide offers a vast investigation of murder, in the aggregate, and over time. Roth's argument is profoundly unsettling...As a discussion of the available data, American Homicide is rich, fascinating, and unrivalled.
--Jill Lepore (New Yorker 20091109)
In American Homicide, Randolph Roth traces the history of our murdering ways through the lens of our feelings about those in power...Roth argues that how we see ourselves in relation to our government--fringe movement or ruling party, patronized or disenfranchised--is at the heart of many decisions to take another life...If an individual feels secure in his social standing, it's easier to get over life's disappointments. But for a person who feels alienated from the American Dream, the tiniest offense can provoke a murderous rage... Looking at the fluctuating homicide rate at various times in our history, Roth tracks the historical consequences of shifting power. After the Revolutionary War, murder rates soared as the newly formed U.S. struggled to absorb British loyalists. The end of the Civil War didn't relieve the bitterness many Southerners felt toward the government and it shows in the precipitous rise in homicides in the rural South. On a positive note, Roth credits FDR for falling murder rates in the 1930s as Roosevelt's New Deal "increased Americans' faith in the country, their leadership, and one another."...Roth's book also offers a warning about our volatile political rhetoric. Words can have real-life, even violent, consequences. American Homicide is a vivid reminder that politics isn't just about winning–it's also about how you treat those who lose.
--Raina Kelley (Newsweek 20091116)
Randolph Roth's American Homicide presents a working hypothesis about why America is the most murderous of all the so-called First World nations. Roth's conclusions are profound and disturbing.
--Richard Rayner (Los Angeles Times 20091129)
American Homicide by Randolph Roth is a wonky, meticulously researched, fascinating survey of murder in America and why we've become the bloodiest wealthy nation on earth. Roth begins in the colonial period, then walks us through American history as he documents, analyzes, and hypothesizes about the evolving reasons why, how, and how often we kill one another. He looks at regional and chronological variances in the homicide rate, as well the differences between murders where killer and victim know one another versus when the two are strangers. Roth concludes from his research that four factors contribute to fluctuations in the murder rate in America: political instability; loss of government legitimacy; loss of a feeling of belonging among outcast or historically oppressed groups; and loss of faith in the social hierarchy. Crudely summarized, when Americans believe we're being governed wisely, fairly, equally, and legitimately, we're peaceful and productive. But when government misbehaves, the citizenry does too.
--Radley Balko (Reason 20091230)
In American Homicide, Randolph Roth offers an intriguing hypothesis to explain the country's homicide rates: Murder isn't personal; it's political. Drawing on the work of criminologist Gary LaFree, who argues that, in the 20th century, the crime rate increased when people reported greater distrust in government and other social institutions, Roth looks back through American history and locates a similar force at work over the previous century-and-a-half. According to Roth, homicide rates among unrelated adults are not determined by proximate causes such as poverty, drugs, unemployment, alcohol, race, or ethnicity. Nor are they influenced by stricter prison sentences or other tough-on-crime measures...With few exceptions during the 20th century, ours has remained the most murderous democracy in the world...In the end, whether or not we embrace Roth's thesis as definitive, his provocative and wide-ranging history persuasively argues for the benefits of a less divisive and polarized political culture. After all, if Roth is right, it just might be killing us.
--Christine Rosen (Weekly Standard 20100201)
A groundbreaking book...that offers something like a unified theory of why Americans kill each other at such a high rate and what can be done about it.
--Gregory Rodriguez (Los Angeles Times 20100412)
[A] magisterial analysis of the history of homicide in America...The heart of Roth's concern is to explain both the historical fluctuations that he so meticulously charts, and America's comparative exceptionalism in regard to murder. He stresses the enormous gulf in U.S. homicide rates compared with other affluent democracies...His book is a major achievement in charting the long-term patterns in American homicide, and broadly relating them to variations in political economy and culture.
--Robert Reiner (Times Literary Supplement 20100611)
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Most Helpful Customer Reviews
10 of 11 people found the following review helpful
Format:Hardcover
Actually you'll find it's murder most political. I recently had the pleasure of interviewing Dr. Roth on my show. He presents extremely interesting information and arguments backed by lots of very meticulous, painstaking research. Dr. Roth is a very compassionate and thoughtful man who uses murder, of all things, to help us better comprehend ourselves and our behavior. This book will forever alter your understanding of both murder and politics. Don't miss it!
8 of 10 people found the following review helpful
By Jon Hill
Format:Hardcover
Okay, I admit it. I am only posting this review to balance the poor numbers of Jade Queen's review. C'mon now JQ! You didn't even read the book? Yes, I listened to the interview too and found Professor Roth's comments interesting and well-reasoned. I understand taking issue with an author's conclusions, but, hey, read the book FIRST!
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful
Format:Paperback
AMERICAN HOMICIDE is probably the most important book of its type to be published. It will never reach a wide audience since it is a lengthy, scholarly work. I say this after reading all of it for a print review in a political journal.
What makes Professor Roth's research stand out is not only that it took 25 years to complete, but that it could not have been done without modern computer technology. This aspect allowed Roth to search through massive amounts of data that can now be accessed via computer and the internet.
Not too surprisingly, Roth comes up with motives for homicide that differ from the punditry we hear from politicians, media figures and the like, who favor solutions to complex problems that in the words of H.L. Mencken are clear, simple and wrong.
In his "big picture" approach to homicide, Roth finds strong support for homicide when people lose faith in government and on a more intimate level, when they perceive the breakdown of law and order. This leads to a "me first" attitude that considers murder a viable alternative to negotiation since there is no higher authority to force negotiation or administer punishment.
In tracking homicide for 400 years, the ups and downs are influenced not so much by economic times, but by public trust in elected leaders to do the right thing, by leveling the playing field, as it were. Under these circumstances tends to emerge what Roth terms "fellow feeling" -- that we are all in this together and must help and respect one another.
The study continues with a forthcoming volume on murder by children and the motives that evolve from these partially-formed minds.
What makes Professor Roth's research stand out is not only that it took 25 years to complete, but that it could not have been done without modern computer technology. This aspect allowed Roth to search through massive amounts of data that can now be accessed via computer and the internet.
Not too surprisingly, Roth comes up with motives for homicide that differ from the punditry we hear from politicians, media figures and the like, who favor solutions to complex problems that in the words of H.L. Mencken are clear, simple and wrong.
In his "big picture" approach to homicide, Roth finds strong support for homicide when people lose faith in government and on a more intimate level, when they perceive the breakdown of law and order. This leads to a "me first" attitude that considers murder a viable alternative to negotiation since there is no higher authority to force negotiation or administer punishment.
In tracking homicide for 400 years, the ups and downs are influenced not so much by economic times, but by public trust in elected leaders to do the right thing, by leveling the playing field, as it were. Under these circumstances tends to emerge what Roth terms "fellow feeling" -- that we are all in this together and must help and respect one another.
The study continues with a forthcoming volume on murder by children and the motives that evolve from these partially-formed minds.
Most Recent Customer Reviews
5.0 out of 5 stars
New approach to American homicides.
Very timely launching of this important book. I haven't finished it,but first impressions are very good. Roth writes about the subject from a historical/sociological approach. Read more
Published 1 month ago by colima 47
5.0 out of 5 stars
PLEASE BUY
Buying this book would be an act of desperately needed charity. Obviously, given this man's public pronouncements, he is in immediate need of psychiatric intervention. Read more
Published 2 months ago by Joe A. McDermott, III
5.0 out of 5 stars
An exhaustive work
Long tedious, exhaustive, but not sure I buy it. Perfect to add to your research literature if teaching is your profession
Published 3 months ago by A. L. Branson
5.0 out of 5 stars
History holds the key to understanding why America is so homicidal
"American Homicide" is on the ROROTOKO list of cutting-edge intellectual nonfiction. Professor Roth's book interview ran here as the cover feature on August 30, 2010.
Published on September 8, 2010 by ROROTOKO
2.0 out of 5 stars
Attribution of cause for homicides
I confess right away that my review is based on Mr. Roth's interview on Radio West, and not on the book itself. Read more
Published on December 17, 2009 by Koyaanisqatsi
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