American Mania: When More Is Not Enough [Hardcover]

Peter C. Whybrow (Author)

Book Description

Publication Date: January 2005

Whybrow describes an affluence in America that far outstrips need and a rampant greed spawning the addictions of consumer culture--food, money and technology. Citing the alarming statistics of obesity, depression and panic disorders, Whybrow points to forms of behaviour that are testing the limits of America's ancestral biology--in mind and body--and threaten to erode the very foundations of American community. Drawing upon case studies, Whybrow offers guidance and a vantage point from which to understand America's most pressing social and medical issues. This provocative volume, grounded in science and philosophy, calls for collective action in refocusing the pursuit of happiness and enhancing America's prosperity.

Editorial Reviews

From Publishers Weekly

The indictment of American society offered here—that America's supercharged free-market capitalism shackles us to a treadmill of overwork and overconsumption, frays family and community ties and leaves us anxious, alienated and overweight—is familiar. What's more idiosyncratic and compelling is the author's grounding his treatise in political economy (citing everyone from Adam Smith to Thorstein Veblen) as well as in neuropsychiatry, primatology and genetics. Psychiatrist Whybrow (Mood Apart) diagnoses a form of clinical mania in which "the dopamine reward systems of the brain are... hijacked" by pleasurable frenzies like the Internet bubble. Genes are to blame: programmed to crave material rewards on the austere savanna, they go bananas in an economy of superabundance. Americans are particularly susceptible because they are descended from immigrants with a higher frequency of the "exploratory and novelty-seeking D4-7 allele" in the dopamine receptor system, which predisposes them to impulsivity and addiction. The malady is "treatable," Whybrow asserts, not with Paxil but with a vaguely defined program of communitarianism and recovery therapeutics, exemplified by his friends Peanut, a farmer rooted in the land, and Tom, a formerly manic entrepreneur who has learned to live in the present moment. Whybrow's analysis of the contemporary rat race is acute, and by medicalizing the problem he locates it in behavior and genetics—away from the arena of conventional political and economic action where more systemic solutions might surface, but toward a place where individual responsibility can turn "self-interest into social fellowship."
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Review

A fascinating tapestry of fresh insights from psychiatry, anthropology, economics, neuro biology, and genetics. -- Frederick K. Goodwin, Former Director, National Institute of Mental Health, and host of public radio's The Infinite Mind

A provocative and novel meditation on the American fate, as we struggle with depression, obesity and substance abuse. -- Philip Bobbitt, author of The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History

A trenchant indictment of our dominant values and mores, polemical but balanced, written with vigorous inspiration and gripping intensity. -- Andrew Solomon, author of The Noonday Demon: An Atlas of Depression

This is a brilliant book, which provides convincing genetic explanation for American exceptionalism. -- Deepak Lal, author of Unintended Consequences

[A] fantastically important book. -- Bill McKibben, author of Enough: Staying Human in an Engineered Age

[A] profound, engrossing, and entertaining, volume. -- Roderic Gorney, author of The Human Agenda

[A]n astute and persuasive account of the stress, overwork, and rampant dissatisfaction permeating modern America. -- Kay Redfield Jamison, author of An Unquiet Mind

See all Editorial Reviews

Product Details

• Hardcover: 352 pages
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company; 1ST edition (January 2005)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0393059944
• ISBN-13: 978-0393059946
• Product Dimensions: 9.1 x 6.1 x 1.2 inches
• Shipping Weight: 1.4 pounds
• Average Customer Review: 3.8 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (19 customer reviews)
• Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #131,755 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews

65 of 65 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars Insightful and Illuminating Book, February 15, 2005

By 

Ramanathan S. Manavasi "Voracious Book Reader" (Macon, Georgia, USA) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   

This review is from: American Mania: When More Is Not Enough (Hardcover)

Nickname : Ram Location, Macon, Georgia, USA.

Real Name : Ramanathan S Manavasi

In his book "Our Culture of Pandering" , Paul Simon, a Director of the Public Policy Institute at the University of Southern Illinois clearly and pointedly discusses several issues -taxes, social security, civil liberties, crime - that invite pandering.

The brilliant and prophetic book "Why America's Children Cannot Think" authored by Peter Kline argues passionately for viable solutions to America's educational crisis. It offers solutions to our children concerning interpretation skills in the highly competitive information age.

What we see in America normally is a weird intermingling of high ideals with gross materialism, the lofty and vulgar cheek to cheek. The people who detest USA take a look at this odd conjunction and assume the materialistic America is the real America. The real America, they insist, is the resource wasting, TV-drenched unreflective part of the earth. The President's talk about freedom, the high toned language is just a cover, they say, for the quest for oil. Desire for riches, dominion and war.

Viewed in this context, the recent magnum opus of Dr. Peter S Whybrow's "American Mania-- When More Is Not Enough" is a wonderful and comprehensive analysis of the disease that afflicts us all. Drawing upon detailed case studies and alarming statistics of obesity, depression, and panic disorders, offers compassionate guidance offers compassionate guidance. Interestingly, he suggests that our immigrant heritage accounts for our compulsion to push for more. Migrants are by nature risk takers and reward seekers, and we've concentrated tens of millions of them in America. The shared mythology in USA is that we can each enjoy fame and fortune and live in opulence at the top of the social pyramid. All can be first and all can be wealthy.

Why is America at the leading edge of this? Why do we seem to be more maniacal than other countries? We are definitely out there in front, whatever index you use --- the amount we work, the amount we spend, how much we eat. Only 2 percent of the world's population moves in the migrant sense. Most people die within 50 miles of where they were born.

He explains succinctly how food is a symptom of our dysphoria --- it's easy to know when you're hungry but not when your satiated. The average time in McDonald's is 11 minutes, even if you eat there. So there's this urgency, and you go right past your ability to tell whether you're hungry or not, and before you know it, you've eaten too much. After analyzing dysphoria, he comes to affluence. Extraordinary choice itself is affluence. Extraordinary amounts of information coming in through a little handheld instrument . . . how many people do you know who are checking their e-mail every 10 minutes?
The reason for that is that the body has no real upper limits. It's not like going to the gas station and you put the pump into the tank and it automatically shuts off when it's full. We don't have anything like that in the human body. Humans aren't physically set up to deal with affluence. Our body hasn't evolved much in 10,000 years --- minor exceptions, very minor adaptations. So we're really running with a genome that was designed for the hunter-gatherer, who lived under frugal circumstances, was very cunning, worked in social groups and managed their lives pretty effectively. And now we live in incredible affluence, we take virtually no exercise, and we compete with each other continually.
"Tom" is an entrepreneur in Whybrow's book who says he was once "the world's most frequent flier," a frenzied businessman who flew around the world at least once a month. Tom is reformed now, having watched his business addiction destroy his personal life. TOM is also an acronym for "Toward Optimum Mindfulness".
The four "rules of Tom" : 1. Your time is yours, so use it wisely, 2. Make technology work for you, not vice-versa, 3. Eat responsibly and in company, 4. Honor your body are solutions to the accelerated and disorganizing effect of manic behavior.
Prof. Robert Cloninger's TCI (Temperament and Character Inventory) described on pp 80, our search for the edge delineated on pp 121, the obesity pandemic dealt with on pp 154, are all nice and novel insights. The difference in meaning of `happiness' and `pleasure' in English and French is a nice distinction. Fundamental to personal happiness is the emotional insight gained from living honestly in the moment. The fact that clocks disrupt the harmonious rhythms of inner time is elaborately dealt with in pp 238. Finding an optimum balance between self and society is a matter of personal responsibility. Time, technology, appetites and activity are considered in a new light for finding balance on pp 241.
To find balance in life, the author Peter Whybrow divides his time between the urban frenzy of Los Angeles and the solitude of Plainfield, New Hampshire. No wonder.
This book is a golden mine of information for people willing to accept the disturbing truths regarding USA and proceed toward optimum mindfulness. Grab a book and jumpstart your perspectives.

146 of 159 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars Is America Manic?, February 22, 2005

By 

David Gregory - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   

This review is from: American Mania: When More Is Not Enough (Hardcover)

Dr. Peter Whybrow's American Mania: When More Is Not Enough
Reviewed by Dr. David Gregory

As a cultural anthropologist, I spent decades studying the problems and opportunities of international labor migration. Later, I left academia and immersed myself in the world of international commerce and finance. My experience has left me hard to impress. I am impressed with Dr. Peter Whybrow's book, American Mania: When More is Not Enough. I found it insightful, challenging and ultimately empowering.

Dr. Whybrow invites us to look at where we have arrived after three incredible centuries, to contemplate the paradoxes of our unique prosperity and its current effects on our physical health, our state of mind, the quality of our social relations, and the future direction of our nation. He does so from a unique perspective derived from his expertise in medicine, neuroscience and evolutionary biology. His deep concern is that the "fabulous" turbo-paced, technologically driven society we Americans have built is outpacing our physiological abilities to adjust and may therefore be unsustainable. Presenting facts and provocative case studies, he offers a convincing argument that, "In our compulsive drive for more, we are making ourselves sick."

As a people we are suffering from obesity, the burdens of debt, and shallow social relations fractured by unbridled self-interest. As a result, we are taking an increasing amount of drugs in a desperate attempt to treat stress-related diseases, depression, and high blood pressure. "We are sleeping less, working longer, spending less time with our families in the manic rush to earn more money to buy more goods that leave us wanting more."

At least one critic has implied that Dr. Whybrow is a Luddite, clinging to the past and disdaining technology and technological progress, in fact, Dr. Whybrow is a staunch advocate of the benefits technology and has used it to address a variety of medical illnesses. He has played a prominent role in the development of modern technologies to better understand how the brain works and has pioneered innovative treatments for some of the more malignant forms of manic-depressive illness. He has dedicated his book to his brother, John Whybrow, a leader of technologically driven enterprises. If you look on the web, you will see that John Whybrow was the Executive Vice President of Royal Philips Electronics in Holland. He is currently the Chairman of the Board of Blue Tooth, wireless technologies.

The author of American Mania knows what he is talking about as a result of his academic background and medical expertise. He also knows what he is talking about as a result of his own personal experience in striving and achieving within the force fields presented by American institutions. He is the Director of one of the world's most prominent Institutes of Neuroscience and Human behavior with a yearly budget of 250 million dollars and a faculty and staff of 3,800 people dedicated to research, teaching and care-giving. Combating the comment of one critic, I would suggest that is hardly a stress free job in a "rarified habitat."

Nor is his a condescending voice that touts the superiority of the "Old Europe" and longs for its traditions. On the contrary, Dr. Whybrow himself is among those ambitious, hard working, curiosity-driven, risk taking, competitive migrants whom he sees as having had an incredible impact on the formation of the American temperament. He is one of the 2% of the world population that chose to move further than 50 miles from where he was born.

Dr. Whybrow migrated from London in the mid-sixties and became a US citizen in the early seventies. As such, he is among those Americans whom he describes as, "a self-selected group of hard-working opportunists with an insatiable hunger for self-improvement." In an interesting argument, he attributes the insatiable hunger to our genetic heritage. Whybrow proposes that immigrants actually have a "higher frequency of the exploratory and novelty seeking D4-7 allele in the dopamine reward system of the brain."

As a cultural anthropologist, my strong bias is to steer away from too close a linkage between genes and behavior. However, YC Ding and others in the Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Medicine, at the University of California have conducted some intriguing research that indicates that this allele, associated with "attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and the personality trait of novelty seeking," originated as a rare mutation that "increased to high frequency in human populations by positive selection."

Although Whybrow believes that the "American Experiment" is genetic as well as social, his book is not another simplistic approach to genetic determinism handcuffed to socio-biology. As a practicing doctor, trained in endocrinology and neuropsychiatry, he knows that genes, though a contributing factor, are not the blame, as some other reviewers presuppose. In fact, he is not placing blame; he is attempting to help us understand and urging each of us as individuals to take back control of our lives from the merchants and an economic system whose goal is not to make us healthy and happy but to sell us more.

What he does so well throughout the book is try to help us unravel and question how our insatiable drives for security, betterment, material affluence and positive affirmation- fueled by the reward system of our uniquely affluent society-have reached a level that is making us perpetually anxious and fearsome as individuals and confused as a nation. An interesting review by Peder Zane thinks that the book, "speaks to an unease with American Life that can be heard on the left and the right."

This is not a happy book. The author presents some hard facts that some might find a bitter pill to swallow. We Americans tend to have pretty thin skins when it comes to serious social commentary and criticism. The label anti-American pops up too easily. Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman (1949), which questioned how the American Dream played out for the legion of failed battlers like Willy Loman, got him in a lot of trouble with the House Committee on Un-American Activities. We seem to be more open to searching criticism if it is delivered by humorists like: Mark Twain, Art Buchwald, Bill Maher or Homer Simpson who says, "Good things don't end in eum, they end in mania or teria."

I believe that if we are going to keep the "American Experiment" on track we need to listen to thinkers like Peter Whybrow, Jared Diamond and Robert D. Kaplan. They demonstrate how the group can provoke individuals within it to behave in ways that are ultimately self destructive. Peer pressures, cultural norms and expectations generate maladaptive behavior that becomes self-perpetuating. Even those afflicted don't realize that there might be a problem. Dr. Whybrow does an enormous service in making us more aware of the problems and in so doing gives us a chance to find individually appropriate solutions.

In the last chapter he clearly states that we as individuals are equally responsible for the decisions we make and the society we construct. Contrary to the criticism levied by one another reviewer, he is not calling for new government programs and social engineering. He argues that each one of us can do something about "too much fat, too little sleep, too much dept, too little time with our families" and that small changes in our own behavior can make a big difference.

I know that this may seem naive and futile to some. But, I am reminded of an early winter morning jogging on the beach in Del Mar, California. A freak tide had left tens of thousands of small fish stranded and gasping for air on the sand. I saw a man stop, stoop over, pick up a fish and throw it back into the Pacific. I stopped and watched him do this over and over again. Finally, I walked up to him, smiled knowingly, and said, "You know that really doesn't make any difference." He stooped over, picked up a fish and as he threw it into the water, and said, "It does to this one."

34 of 40 people found the following review helpful:

3.0 out of 5 stars Pleasure seeking - and its boundaries, March 21, 2005

By 

John Zxerce "[e-mail]" (Colorado ^^^) - See all my reviews

This review is from: American Mania: When More Is Not Enough (Hardcover)

The thesis of Whybrow's book is one that rings true, "In our relentless pursuit of happiness, we have overshot the target and spawned a manic society with an insatiable appetite for more." He does a great job of clearly identifying the problem as he sets down an indictment of American society, suggesting America's supercharged free-market capitalism shackles us to a treadmill of overconsumption, fraying the family and leaving us anxious, alienated and overweight.

In attempting to diagnose the 'why' behind the 'what', Whybrow suggests "the dopamine reward systems of the brain are... hijacked, and genes are to blame: programmed to crave material rewards on the austere savanna, they go bananas in an economy of superabundance. Americans are particularly susceptible because they are descended from immigrants with a higher frequency of the "exploratory and novelty-seeking D4-7 allele" in the dopamine receptor system, which predisposes them to impulsivity and addiction."

I'm not convinced about this. America is too big a melting pot for such a seemingly broad-sweeping, all-inclusive answer. Furthermore, I question the science behind the assertion.

However, I believe he's spot on when he writes, "The mind is prone to addiction," Whybrow claims, "Everybody is capable of becoming addicted to something - wine, sex, food, exercise, the very pursuit of happiness. Paradoxically, freedom without restraint is enervating, not liberating. There's a difference between pleasure and happiness; happiness depends on limits."'

Here is the greatest contribution of the book. His statement is something which is unpopular, and at the same time corresponds with the human condition. "Happiness depends on limits." This is where I believe Whybrow breaks through, but at the same time leaves the reader asking for more. Where are those limits to be placed? What functions in society should determine limits? Are boundaries objective - applying to all people, in all times, and in all places? Do they move from individual to individual? Does God exist? If so, does His will/perspective determine where the boundaries of the creation are set? These are the questions I wish Whybrow had explored in order to make this book so much more.