The remarkable applications of nonsurgical methods to treatment of renal stones as well as the incorporation of new techniques of interventional radiology into the urologic arsenal are among the most important developments in urologic and uroradiologic practice over the last few years. The traditional open approaches to renal calculi have been almost completely supplanted by percutaneous stone removal and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Percutaneous procedures on the kidney experienced an exponential growth in number and importance during the last decade and many classic open procedures were replaced by endourologic therapy (such as caliceal diverticulum, infundibular stenosis, some cases of urothelial carcinoma, and ureteropelvic junction obstruction). It is the purpose of this book to offer a realistic approach to renal anatomy by introducing innovative concepts and their application to urologic, endourologic, and interventional radiologic practice. The reader is guided progressively from basic renal anatomy to the performance of the procedures, achieving knowledge on safety concepts applicable to the reader's cases. Extensive illustration of the renal anatomic aspects and procedures procedures is used to demonstrate the concepts. More than 100 three-dimensional endocasts reproductions are presented. Many radiographic figures and line drawings are also used. This textbook should be useful to the practising urologist, endourologist and interventional radiologist because of the new concepts concerning renal anatomy and their application to clinical use. Also, the experienced reader will find here the most recent concepts that will provide the necessary anatomic background to update and improve the performance of refined renal procedures.
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