Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Wilderness Tradition [Paperback]

James Hoffmeier (Author)

Book Description

Publication Date: August 16, 2011 | ISBN-10: 0199731691 | ISBN-13: 978-0199731695

In his pathbreaking Israel in Egypt James K. Hoffmeier sought to refute the claims of scholars who doubt the historical accuracy of the biblical account of the Israelite sojourn in Egypt. Analyzing a wealth of textual, archaeological, and geographical evidence, he put forth a thorough defense of the biblical tradition. Hoffmeier now turns his attention to the Wilderness narratives of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers. As director of the North Sinai Archaeological Project, Hoffmeier has led several excavations that have uncovered important new evidence supporting the Wilderness narratives, including a major New Kingdom fort at Tell el-Borg that was occupied during the Israelite exodus. Hoffmeier employs these archaeological findings to shed new light on the route of the exodus from Egypt. He also investigates the location of Mount Sinai, and offers a rebuttal to those who have sought to locate it in northern Arabia and not in the Sinai peninsula as traditionally thought. Hoffmeier addresses how and when the Israelites could have lived in Sinai, as well as whether it would have been possible for Moses to write down the law received at Mount Sinai. Building on the new evidence for the Israelite sojourn in Egypt, Hoffmeier explores the Egyptian influence on the Wilderness tradition. For example, he finds Egyptian elements in Israelite religious practices, including the use of the tabernacle, and points to a significant number of Egyptian personal names among the generation of the exodus. The origin of Israel is a subject of much debate and the wilderness tradition has been marginalized by those who challenge its credibility. In Ancient Israel in Sinai, Hoffmeier brings the Wilderness tradition to the forefront and makes a case for its authenticity based on solid evidence and intelligent analysis.

Editorial Reviews

Review

"Egyptologist and ancient Near Eastern scholar, James K. Hoffmeier, has produced an important work for the ongoing study of Israel's wilderness traditions. It is an excellent example of the integration of archaeology, philology, religion, history and biblical studies by a scholar who has demonstrated over the years his outstanding abilities in all these matters. While it gives an up-to-date accounting of what is known about Israel's wilderness traditions, it makes important contributions to the study of the toponymy and history of ancient Egypt's eastern frontier, as well as that of ancient Sinai. There can be no doubt that this volume will become the standard work in these areas for years to come." --K. Lawson Younger, Jr., co-editor of Mesopotamia and the Bible: Comparative Explorations

"Biblical Scholarship and Egyptology are brought together with uncommon skill in this important study. The book contains a wealth of evidence which is as fascinating as it is well-researched." --Richard H. Wilkinson, Professor and Director, Egyptian Expedition, The University of Arizona

"As the director of numerous archaeological surveys in North Sinai and current excavations at Tell el-Borg, James Hoffmeier is one of the world's foremost authorities on Egypt's northern border defenses during the New Kingdom (c. 1550-1069 B.C.). Any new work of his will be read with interest by Egyptologists and biblical scholars alike." -- Ellen F. Morris, Department of Classics, Ancient History, and Egyptology, University of Wales Swansea

"Hoffmeier furnishes a sophisticated fresh approach to the Biblical Exodus traditions filled with detailed Egyptological background, and utterly indispensable because of its basis in recent, and in many cases as yet unpublished, archaeological data. This is a virtual encyclopedia of the Exodus." -- Baruch Halpern, Chaiken Family Chair in Jewish Studies, Penn State

About the Author

Professor of Old Testament and Near Eastern Archaeology, Trinity International University. He is the author of Israel in Egypt (OUP 1997).

Product Details

• Paperback: 384 pages
• Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA (August 16, 2011)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0199731691
• ISBN-13: 978-0199731695
• Product Dimensions: 9.2 x 6.1 x 0.8 inches
• Shipping Weight: 1.2 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
• Average Customer Review: 4.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (7 customer reviews)
• Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #89,550 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
  • #69 in Books > Religion & Spirituality > Bible & Other Sacred Texts > Jewish Texts > Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)
  • #93 in Books > History > Middle East > Israel

More About the Author

James K. Hoffmeier (PhD, University of Toronto), who has taught at the undergraduate and graduate levels for more than thirty years, is now professor of Old Testament and Near Eastern archaeology at Trinity International University. Born and raised in Egypt, he has been a refugee from war and an alien in two different countries, making him sensitive to immigration issues.

Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews

23 of 24 people found the following review helpful:

4.0 out of 5 stars Excellent scholarship, not a travel guide, December 21, 2005

By 

George T. Hobson (St Clair County, IL USA) - See all my reviews
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Amazon Verified Purchase

This review is from: Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Wilderness Tradition (Hardcover)

If you're looking for evidence that Israel really did make the wilderness journey described in Exodus, Ancient Israel in Sinai is the best scholarly case to be found anywhere, including the best collection I've seen of Egyptian linguistic evidence found in ancient Israel's cultic apparatus. But if you're looking for an examination of the wilderness route, not only from the Nile to Mt Sinai, but also from Mt Sinai all the way to Transjordan (as I was hoping to find), you may be disappointed. Hoffmaier does a wonderful job examining the first half of the journey, but devotes little attention to the second half. He does do a good job refuting the theory that Mt Sinai is in modern Saudi Arabia. I give it 5 stars for its scholarship, and 3 stars for the in-depth travel guide I was also hoping for.

12 of 12 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars A convincing study of the evidence for the Exodus, May 4, 2008

By 

David Oldacre (Sutton, Quebec) - See all my reviews
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This review is from: Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Wilderness Tradition (Hardcover)

One of the reasons I bought this book is that Kenneth Kitchen in his "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" draws extensively upon the research findings of Professor Hoffmeier in the Sinai and elsewhere. In this book, Professor Hoffmeier uses his extensive knowledge of the archaeology and geography of the Sinai to review the many suggested alternatives put forward as to the location of the various toponyms cited in the description of the Exodus from the biblical books of Exodus and Numbers, and states that "What this study attempts to do is to draw attention to the wilderness episodes in the light of archaeological evidence, textural materials, geography, toponym, and personal names."

Chapters 1 and 2 are on the subject of the Wilderness Tradition and the Historians of Religion, which includes a critical review of the Origins of the Israel Debate, and the various positions put forward by past and present scholars, as well as a thorough review and justification for using a "Phenomenological" approach to the study of the religion of Ancient Israel - which is to say, that the theophanies of the prophets must be considered from the view point of the believer, and "suspends judgment on the phenomenon in question and examining it empathetically"

Chapters 3 and 4 examine the geographical nature of the Sinai and its climate, and the geography of the Exodus as described in the Biblical sources. The main toponyms referred to in the Hebrew versions of the biblical sources which are examined in these chapters are Rameses, Pithom, Succoth, and Etham. The discussion focuses on the various alternatives put forward as to the possible geographical locations of these places, taking into account the latest archaeological findings and the possible derivation of these names from the original Egyptian.

Chapter 5 is on the subject of the location of the Red (Reed) Sea, and starts with a discussion on the account in Exodus 14:2 - "Tell the Israelites to turn back and camp in front of Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol, and the sea, in front of Baal Zephon ...". In a tightly reasoned and detailed analysis, and the author concludes that the place names associated with the Red Sea (yam sup) demonstrates that the author has a specific location in mind, and that the terms correspond best to Egyptian toponyms of the 13th century.

Chapter 6 is on the subject of "The Mountain of God", in which the author reviews the itineraries from Exodus and Numbers, and provides a detailed analysis of the proposed locations which have been put forward in Northern and Central Sinai, locations outside the Sinai Peninsula, and in Southern Sinai.

Chapter 7 is on the subject of the journey from Egypt to Sinai and the requirements for traveling and living in the wilderness. There is a full discussion on the perplexing problem of the number of Israelites, the possible locations of the toponyms which are referred to after the crossing of the "Red Sea", as well as culinary considerations such as the source of food (i.e. Manna and Quails) and the lack of vegetables

Chapters 8 - 10 cover the subject of the Sinai Legislation, the Desert Sanctuary, and Egyptian Personal Names and other Egyptian Elements. The purpose of these chapters is to show, quite clearly, that all of these could have had an origin in Egyptian practices of the 13th to 12th centuries BCE.

Chapter 11, the final chapter, is on the Wilderness Tradition and the Origin of Israel in which the author states that his study tends to support the view that Israel entered Canaan from the outside, either as invaders or peacefully infiltrating emigrants. The topics covered are the origins of Israel's God, the Israelites as "Shasu", and the Israelites depicted in Egypt.

Professor Hoffmeier has been very careful to examine the pros and cons of the various arguments that other scholars have put forward as to why each particular location matches a biblical toponym, and in selecting what he believes to be the most likely locations based on the brief physical descriptions mentioned in the text, he provides a thorough examination of the geographical and physical nature of the various alternatives, as well as what has been recorded about these locations in ancient and not so ancient times. While he clearly believes in the historicity of the accounts of the Exodus, he demonstrates a very objective approach in selecting his own preference as to the most likely route (and numbers) of the Israelites on their journey in the wilderness of Sinai. One of the most striking examples of this is a comparison of names, religious procedures, format of the covenant, etc, with known practices of similar societies of the time in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and other areas of the Middle East.

In his conclusion the author states that "the Bible accurately preserves an authentic picture of the travels and life in the Sinai wilderness during this period." I think the facts he presents are about as complete as one can expect with the current state of archaeological knowledge and is a very thorough exposition of the evidence for the presence of the Israelites in the Sinai following their Exodus from Egypt in or about the 12th Century BCE. I think his analysis and conclusions are well reasoned and convincing. I have absolutely no hesitation in recommending this thoroughly scholarly book to all those who are interested in the verification of the biblical text with archaeological discoveries on the ground.

12 of 15 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars Bible background support, March 15, 2006

By 

Aaron F. Ott (Fate, TX USA) - See all my reviews
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This review is from: Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Wilderness Tradition (Hardcover)

Extremely helpful to place the Exodus events in context. Hoffmeier does not try to "prove" the Bible, but instead assumes the historicity of the Exodus narrative. Bible scholars will find this helpful for interpretation and explanation of the OT narrative. Plus it offers support for the historicity of the biblical narrative without being sensationalist.