Customer Reviews

The Battle of Heligoland Bight (Twentieth-Century Battles)

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The action described in this book was very confusing to the participants and it's very difficult to make it clear in a book. This book does a pretty good job, although it could have done better. Some incidents seem glossed over, others covered in more detail, so that it's somewhat difficult, for example, to glean the full OOBs and starting positions if you're trying to set up a scenario of the battle. Still, it's better than most books that cover this battle.

If asked to name a naval battle between England and Germany during World War I, nearly everyone would recall the Battle of Jutland. Asked to name a second battle, and most people, even military historians would probably have to hesitate. Yet the much smaller Battle of Heligoland Bight, which was the first battle between the British and German navies. It was not a large battle. The British wanted to teach the Germans that any time their ships were at sea they were at danger from British attacks.

All in all it was a very confused battle on both sides: relatively primitive communications; unfortunate miscommunications; effective British jamming of German transmissions; poor gun accuracy; defective British ordinance (also a big problem at Jutland); inadequate German ordinance; and fog in the days before radar.

At a result of the battle however, the Germans became reluctant to engage British forces and the German Navy sat idle while the British blockade remained in place and was a major factor in ending the war.

Though overshadowed by later clashes such as the Battles of the Falkland Islands and Jutland, the Battle of Heligoland Bight enjoys the distinction, as Eric Osborne puts it, of being "the first pitched naval engagement of World War I." Arising from a "sweep" of the German-controlled waters by a force of Royal Navy vessels, the resulting battle was an early British victory in the naval war. In this book, Osborne seeks to give the battle its due attention by untangling the confused course of events and demonstrating the subsequent impact of the battle for both sides.

The sweep that led to the battle was the brainchild of Commodore Roger Keyes, an aggressive officer then in command of the Royal Navy's submarine forces. Chafing at the inaction that characterized the start of the First World War for the naval forces, he conceived an operation that would allow Britain to take the offensive by disrupting German naval patrols of the Bight. On August 27, a force of submarines, destroyers, and light cruisers sortied from port, arriving in the bight by the next morning. The next day, in an operation marked by confusion and miscommunication, the force, backed by a squadron of battlecruisers, managed to sink three German light cruisers and return to port with only minimal casualties.

Osborne's account of the battle is both engaging and comprehensible, providing much-needed clarity to the muddled clash of ships. Yet the author's work falls short on two counts. The first is in the significance Osborne assigns to the battle. He argues the battle was critical in determining the cautiousness of German High Seas Fleet during the war, which effectively conceded control of the oceans to the British throughout much of the conflict. Yet such timidity was already evident prior to the battle; indeed, Osborne demonstrates that the reluctance to risk Germany's capital ships was what ensured the success of the raid. Osborne's argument in this respect assigns the battle more significance than it warrants.

This problem is reflective of the other major flaw of the book. While an interesting account of the battle, it is not a terribly long one - and it seems that Osborne struggled to reach the page length that he did. Parts of the book seem like little more than padding; his first chapter provides far more background on the prewar naval arms race than seems relevant, and information is often repeated from page to page. This does not diminish the usefulness of Osborne's account of the battle, but it does suggest that, like his effort to inflate the significance of the battle, he is attempting to make far more out of the clash at Heligoland Bight than it ultimately warrants.

Mr. Osborne does an good job of explaining the actual naval battle and the political context and naval doctrines that triggered the battle. I was very impressed with his grasp of the details of the battle itself, which was fought mostly in a literal fog of war. I was a bit surprised by his analysis of the aftereffects as each navy responded to the outcome of the battle. His analysis does, however, ring true.

The author spends a considerable proportion of the book covering the circumstances leading up to the outbreak of the war, which, although well researched, was not what I wanted to read about. He also spends too much time discussing the evolution of the opposing naval strategies. If you title your book "The Battle of" readers are entitled to expect to read about a battle.