The very best way to find out the truth about anything is by applying the methods of science - despite human failings in its application. I look forward to reading this collection of articles every year. With this brush stroke, I get a journalist's kaleidoscopic display of what different groups of scientists are doing with our world. This year's 26 selections, chosen by guest editor Elizabeth Kolbert, came from 16 different magazines - the best represented being Harper's, National Geographic, Discover, and New Yorker, all with three articles each.
*Wendell Berry - The exploding population and our use of earth's resources cannot last forever. Whichever way we turn, we run into the difficult politics of self-imposed limits.
*John Broome - The ethics of climate change is just as hard as the science. Most of the cost of controlling climate change must be borne in the near future, yet the benefit will come perhaps a century later.
One of my favorites: *Nicholas Carr - Socrates bemoaned the development of writing. He feared that reliance on the written word would detract from the knowledge base people used to have to carry in their heads....The arrival of Gutenberg's printing press (15th century) set off another round of teeth gnashing - the easy availability of books would lead to intellectual laziness....When Nietzsche's vision problem forced him to use a typewriter, the new technology had an effect of his work. His prose became tighter; his arguments became aphorisms.....The clock's methodological ticking helped bring into being the scientific mind and the scientific method. The conception of the world that now revolves around schedules solidified new pathways in our brains.....The internet is now subsuming most of our other basic technologies. Is Kubrick's prophecy in "2001" - that machines will become thecontrolling intelligencia - coming true?
*Chris Carroll - Asia is the center of much of the world's high-tech manufacturing and it is here that the devices often return when they die.
*Andrew Curry - The story of the Stasi, a sprawling East German bureaucracy almost 3 times the size of Hitler's Gestapo that was spying on a population Ľ the size of Nazi Germany. Not a lot of science, but interesting.
Another favorite: *Keay Davidson - Dark energy is a mysterious repulsive force that makes the universe expand faster and faster over time. It now threatens to undermine fundamental beliefs about physics, cosmology, and the nature of scientific discovery - yet we don't have a clue what it is.
Another favorite: *Douglas Fox - Strange things happen when you freeze chemicals in ice. Some reactions slow down but others speed up. As an ice crystal forms, it remains pure - only molecules of water join the growing crystal, while impurities are crowded out together. In several of Stanley Miller's hundreds of experiments, conducted over a period of decades, mixtures of cyanide, ammonia, and ice formed nucleobases and amino acids - building blocks of RNA and proteins. If life on earth arose from ice, our chances of finding life elsewhere in the galaxy - even in this solar system - may be better than we ever imagined.
*Adam Frank - What happened before the Big Bang? Three prominent cosmologist answer this question with these answers: 1. String theory and branes 2. A series of expanding and contracting multiverses 3. There is no need to find time's beginning because time really doesn't exist. For the first answer, evidence is decades away, if ever. The second is based on a speculative interpretation of inflationary cosmology, itself only loosely verified. The third offers no way of testing its accuracy at all.
Another favorite: *Atul Gawande - Only 20% of the images we perceive come from the retina. The remaining 80% come from other parts of the brain controlling things like memory. In other words, what we see is a virtual reality - as given to us by our brains. Our sensations of pain, itch, nausea, and fatigue are usually protective but sometimes go awry. Millions of people have chronic pain of all sorts, phantom limb syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, tinnitus, pathological itching, or fibromyalgia - in which treatments of surgery and medication are notoriously marginal. Mirror image therapy has helped phantom limb pain. Perhaps this whole group of patients can benefit from mirror image or other virtual reality therapies - to treat problems made worse by glitches in our neurocircuitry.
*David Grimm - When a cell divides, C14 from the environment is incorporated into new chromosomes. C14 levels in the atmosphere doubled during WWII nuclear testing and have been on a linear descent back to normal ever since. Therefore, the amount of C14 in a given cell can date its birth. This has proven useful in forensics and in the solution of several controversies in medical science - such as - is the cerebral cortex capable of generating new neurons?
*Stephen S. Hall - Neanderthal males averaged 5'5" and 185 pounds. They may have had red hair and a culture similar to ours ( with certain differences) and we co-existed with them until 28,000 years ago. Did we interbreed? Maybe. Did we eat them? Possibly.
*Sue Halpern - The use of a customized video-game called "Virtual Iraq" is being successfully used in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder - PTSD. Patients work through their emotional combat trauma in a computer-simulated environment.
*Walter Isaacson - As Einstein explained in a Japanese publication, "My participation in the production of the atomic bomb consisted in a single act: I signed a letter to President Roosevelt." This statement didn't reveal how deeply involved he was in writing the letter, revising it, and deciding how to get it to the president. As the project proceeded he was left out - considered to be too big a security risk to be included.
*Frederick Kaufman - The story of the processing, decontamination, and profit from human waste, exemplified by the company that serves New York City. Captain Jonah glides his sludge boat past the Statue of Liberty daily for processing og its cargo in Long Island.
*Virginia Morell - Cognitive skills previously thought to be exclusive to homo sapiens have now been found in mammals, birds - even worms. Animal studies suggest the roots of cognition are deep, wide, and highly malleable.
*J. Madeline Nash - A big red band snakes through the rocks in Wyoming for 25 miles. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum - paleontologists call it the PETM - happened 55 million years ago and the resulting climate change accelerated evolution: above it there are horses - below it there aren't. Scientists believe that then, as now, the earth warmed in response to a precipitous release of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases. Kick up your feet and learn how geologists read the evidence left in rocks as though they were doing forensic science at a crime scene. The author closes with a quote from Mark Twain: "History does not repeat itself but it sure does rhyme.
*Michelle Nijhuis - The longstanding conservationist credo is to restore - redesign is frowned upon, but climate change calls this all into question. Relocation of newly endangered species of plants and animals are being re-examined.
Another favorite: *Benjamin Phelan - Up to 10% of the human genome appears to be evolving at the maximum rate, more quickly than ever before in human history. These changes are written in the genes with the signature of natural selection - legible even while the import of the message is unclear.
Another favorite: *Virginia Postrell - For about two decades, economists have been running differing versions of the same experiment. A bunch of volunteers simulate real- time stock trading experiences under tightly controlled conditions. Again and again, the trading price runs way above fundamental value and near the 15th round, it crashes. But people do learn. By the third time the same group goes through a fifteen-round market, the bubble usually disappears.
Another favorite: *David Quammen - Cancer is not an infectious disease - or is it? Cancers can apparently evolve much like species. A certain cancer of the Tasmanian devil has evolved a way to be spread through bites from one devil to another, and threatens this species' very existence. This beautifully written story pauses throughout with excerpts that revisit evolutionary concepts you may recall if you had a good college biology class - and introduces more recent developments in evolution you didn't learn about.
Another favorite: *Joshua Roebke - Modern physicists cut from the doubting "spookey action at a distance" mold of Einstein figure out a way to test one of the basic tenets of quantum theory. QT passes yet another test. At the sub-atomic level, matter and energy really is spread out over all possibilities until measured. Only then does it coalesce to something measureable.
My very favorite: *Oliver Sacks - Darwin's "Origin of the Species" was to become perhaps the most important (and notorious) book anyone had ever written. What does one do for an encore? In this beautiful essay with a dynamite finish, Sacks shows how Darwin, switching from observation to experimentation, spent much of the rest of his long life demonstrating how natural selection drove botanical evolution.
Another favorite: *Mark A. Smith - Starts with the wonders of the little animalcules in pond water as seen under a microscope, meanders around speculations on consciousness, and displays the ubiquitousness of life....a beautiful essay.
Read more ›