This book was predictably good. It should be - after all, it contains a select group (22) out of the many articles that had already passed the scrutiny of the series editor (that group sent to the annual guest editor used to be about a hundred). This year it is heavy on evolutionary sciences (good), on general issues (reasonable), and on psychological sciences (some not so impressive). I look forward to this book every year as well as its competitor, "Best Science and Nature Writing." The first three articles were found in both volumes - all three among my own favorites, as I marked by asterisks:
* "The Missions of Astronomy" by Steven Weinberg - Weinberg is a Nobel Prize winner and particle physics expert (currently at UT Austin) who decided he was not current in the history of science - so he decided to teach a course in it. This article looks to be adapted from one of his lectures. He starts out explaining how the ancients used the gnomon - similar to but not the same as a sundial. A gnomon is a vertical pole on a flat, level patch of ground open to the sun's rays. Daily charting of its shadow by Greeks led to "a discovery around 430 BC that was to trouble astronomers for two thousand years: the four seasons, whose beginnings and endings are precisely marked by the solstices and equinoxes, have slightly different lengths. This ruled out the possibility that the sun travels around the earth (or the earth travels around the sun) with constant velocity in a circle." It was not until the 17th century that Kepler explained that the earth's orbit is not a circle but an ellipse. A scientific reading of "Odyssey" reveals that Homer could accurately navigate by reading the stars and Weinberg explains how he did it. On a ship in the Mediterranean a sea captain explained to Weinberg how ship navigators used celestial methods until only recently - now replaced by GPS. The captain lamented that the younger captains don't know how to use a sextant and a chronometer.
But astronomy also experienced an overestimation of its usefulness. Much of the royal support for compiling tables of astronomical data in the medieval and early modern periods was motivated by widespread reliance on astrology. Many scientists, including Ptolemy and Newton were heavily into astrology. Weinberg closes by taking a swipe at NASA's wasteful program of manned spaceflight - cherished by NASA's funding and PR department but terribly cost-inefficient compared to unmanned projects. "All the satellites like Hubble or COBE or WMAP or Planck that have made possible the recent progress in cosmology have been unmanned."
* "A Life of its Own" by Michael Specter - "Scientists have been manipulating genes for decades - inserting, deleting, changing them in various microbes has become a routine function in thousands of labs." Now they are attempting to manufacture drugs and chemicals from entirely synthetic genes, analogous to a software creator rearranging loops of code for a new purpose. Artemisinin is key in treating malaria but the herb that creates it is difficult to produce by cultivation. Jay Keasling et al inserted genes from 3 organisms into E. coli with the idea of making it produce artemisinin. Within a decade his company figured out how to make the bacteria increase its production by a factor of a million, bring a course of treatment from $10 to $1. The scientific response has been reverential but Keasling is baffled by opposition to what should soon become the world's most reliable source of cheap artemisinin. Opposition comes from farmers of the herb and from the same groups that call genetically engineered food "Frankenfood."
Specter discusses the ethics of the era of biological engineering - peppered with suggestions that the E coli that makes a malarial drug could also make biofuels (substitute your favorite product). To be brought up to date on this subject, this fascinating article is hard to beat.
* "The Sixth Extinction" by Elizabeth Kolbert - Of the many species that have existed on earth over 99% have disappeared. There have been at least 20 mass extinctions on earth with 5 stand outs known as the "Big Five" - but extinction has been a contested concept. Until recently the view that "God created species fixed for all eternity" prevailed. Then in 1812 Frenchman Cuvier wrote an essay featuring the absence of mastodons, whose bones littered two continents, saying, "Life on this earth has often been disturbed by dreadful events....Innumerable living creatures have been victims of these catastrophes." The English edition included an introduction suggesting Cuvier's idea proved Noah's flood. Darwin embraced the idea of extinctions but didn't believe they were caused by catastrophes. Kolbert says, "Mass extinctions strike down the fit and the unfit at once...It takes millions of years for life to recover and when it does it generally has a new cast of characters...It is now generally agreed among biologists that another mass extinction is under way."
Extinctions of large mammals and birds have repeatedly happened shortly after the arrival of humans. This has happened in North America, South America, New Zealand, Australia, Madagascar, Hawaii, and many other locations. It happens as a result of hunting, burning, farming, logging, building, water diversion, atmospheric pollution - in general, habitat destruction. As Kolbert painstakingly demonstrated, it is now happening to frogs. They are dying of a fungus spread by doctors. A related fungus appears to be decimating the bat population.
Somewhere toward the end of the article, Kolbert tells the familiar story of the Yucatan peninsula meteor that killed off dinosaurs 65 million years ago. For this Sixth Extinction though. the perpetrator walks upright.
* "My Genome, My Self" by Steven Pinker - Pinker is the author of several well-known books including "Blank Slate," an investigation of the nature/nurture debate. He had the opportunity to have his genome sequenced as part of a research project and he presents his findings. "Apart from carrier screening, personal genomics will be more recreational than diagnostic for some time to come." This article contains a plethora of interesting facts about DNA, genetic testing, and how things work, and Pinker writes in a straightforward but entertaining style: "The reach of the gene gets stronger as we age, not weaker...we know what happens to people who get the worst news [on their genetic screens] - they handle it perfectly well...even in the simplest organisms, genes are not turned on and off like clockwork but are subject to a lot of random noise...the two traditional shapers of a person, nature and nurture, must be augmented by a third one, brute chance...for most traits, any influence of the genes will be probabilistic...It [personal genomics] opens up a niche for bottom-feeding companies to terrify hypochondriacs by turning dubious probabilities into Genes of Doom. Scientist have discovered a dozen genes which influence height but a person that has most of these genes can be only an inch taller than average. "Since height can be easily measured with a tape measure, what can we expect for more elusive traits like intelligence or personality."
Looking over what I have written looks negative about genomic testing - which I don't mean to be, nor does Pinker. Hopefully, I have included enough entertaining tidbits to perk your interest. This article is perfect for an up-to-date survey about nurture/nature, how genes work, and genetic testing - which should be refined exponentially in the coming decades.
* "The Deadly Choices At Memorial" by Sheri Fink - After Katrina, Memorial hospital was flooded, lost its power, then lost its emergency power. There were not enough helicopters to evacuate all the patients before they started dying - patients who already were deprived of necessary high tech support and the ability to deliver therapeutic drugs. Doctors and nurses began to label patients with 1, 2, or 3 pinned to their hospital gowns. The "1's" were transported first - they were the healthiest. The "3's" were not expected to get transport for various reasons - they were already DNR (do not resuscitate), they were to heavy to move down the stairwells from the 7th floor, or they were not expected to survive the move. Eventually, overworked and sleep-deprived caregivers decided to make some of them more comfortable with morphine and midazolam. As a result, doctors and nurses were accused of euthanasia and charged with murder. A sympathetic grand jury failed to indict them. This is a great story full of unresolved ethical disputes whose author won a Pulitzer prize for investigative reporting - not to be missed.
"Disaster Aversion" by Rivka Galchen" - About methods used, past and present to control the weather - hurricanes in particular. For someone who is very interested in getting to the science, this article distractingly went around the block several times, but it does cover the history and the science if you persevere.
* "The Kindest Cut" by Larrisa MacFarquhar - At a website called "MatchingDonors.com, you can find personal requests for a kidney donor from patients who are on dialysis and on the list. True to the old saying "no good deed goes unpunished" the author "explores the skepticism and suspicion - often from the medical establishment - that surrounds these seemingly altruistic donors." Either through MatchingDonors.com or through a hospital, about 600 have donated a kidney to a stranger. UNOS (United Network For Organ Sharing) is the organization usually responsible for organ allocation. They try to intimidate transplant centers into rejecting internet donors because MatchingDonor.
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