The Birth of Black America: The First African Americans and the Pursuit of Freedom at Jamestown [Hardcover]

Tim Hashaw (Author)

Book Description

Publication Date: February 15, 2007

The voyage that shaped early America was neither that of the Susan Constant in 1607 nor the Mayflower in 1620. Absolutely vital to the formation of English-speaking America was the voyage made by some sixty Africans stolen from a Spanish slave ship and brought to the young struggling colony of Jamestown in 1619. It was an act of colonial piracy that angered King James I of England, causing him to carve up the Virginia Company's monopoly for virtually all of North America. It was an infusion of brave and competent souls who were essential to Jamestown's survival and success. And it was the arrival of pioneers who would fire the first salvos in the centuries-long African-American battle for liberation. Until now, it has been buried by historians. Four hundred years after the birth of English-speaking America, as a nation turns its attention to its ancestry, The Birth of Black America reconstructs the true origins of the United States and of the African-American experience.

Editorial Reviews

From Publishers Weekly

Hashaw (Children of Perdition: Melungeons and the Struggle for Mixed America) offers a welcome variation on early America and the 400th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown. Historians have long known that Africans first appeared in the Virginia record in 1619. Hashaw traces those first black Virginians back to Portuguese Angola: they were captives on a Spanish slave ship, which was attacked by two pirate vessels that eventually transported 60 or so Africans to Virginia and Bermuda. Hashaw recreates the lives some of these early African Virginians made for themselves: Benjamin Doll purchased six indentured English servants, became a plantation owner, learned to read and write, and was appointed by a white widow to serve as her attorney. Another eventually purchased African slaves. Perhaps straining to find a partially happy ending to the tragic first scene in the history of American racial slavery, Hashaw notes that Angolan Virginians participated in Bacon's Rebellion, and he suggests that the 1676 revolt was the first expression of a fighting spirit that culminated in abolition. Hashaw offers both an exciting story of crime on the high seas and a fascinating social history of 17th-century black America. Illus., maps. (Feb. 5)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

From Booklist

Perhaps the most fateful year in black American history was 1619, when the first recorded shipment of enslaved Africans landed at Jamestown. Hashaw greatly expands on the central facts encountered in textbooks to connect the unwilling arrivals to their homeland, Angola, and to the financial and political affairs of England's Virginia Company. Hashaw also explores the subsequent lives of these Africans and their immediate descendants, many known by name from traces of their legal affairs as semifree traders and farmers; the shackles of outright chattel slavery took several decades to be applied in Virginia, and never without resistance. Following a description of Angola's constellation of powers in the early 1600s--the Portuguese and African allies on the coast versus Bantu kingdoms in the interior--Hashaw details the seizure of the Jamestown Angolans from a Spanish slave ship by English ships. Whether this was piracy or legal privateering provoked conflict in London, which Hashaw contends had ramifications on other English colonizing projects. Notable in itself, Hashaw's history gains traction in this 400th anniversary year of Jamestown's founding. Gilbert Taylor
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved

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Product Details

• Hardcover: 336 pages
• Publisher: Basic Books (February 15, 2007)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0786717181
• ISBN-13: 978-0786717187
• Product Dimensions: 9.1 x 6.1 x 1.6 inches
• Shipping Weight: 9.6 ounces
• Average Customer Review: 5.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (6 customer reviews)
• Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #451,330 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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10 of 10 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars "Twenty and Odd...WHAT?", December 22, 2007

By 

Carol Lems-Dworkin (Evanston, IL) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   

This review is from: The Birth of Black America: The First African Americans and the Pursuit of Freedom at Jamestown (Hardcover)

The real story of what went on before and during seventeenth-century Jamestown (along with correlated events in England, Angola, and Spain) is found in Tim Hashaw's definitive book, THE BIRTH OF BLACK AMERICA: THE FIRST AFRICANS AND THE PURSUIT OF FREEDOM AT JAMESTOWN.

Using his extraordinary gifts as a researcher, combined with a curiosity as wide as it is deep, Hashaw probed every primary source he could find to try to understand and explain the many gaps and suspected falsehoods embedded in what has passed to date as the history of the early Virginia colony of Jamestown.

The author chose to avoid in his book any imaginary dialogue, fictional characters, or fictitious events. But despite these rigid self-imposed standards, he has produced an absorbing and exhaustive chronicle, singularized by being based on TRUTH. Of all writings meant to commemorate the four-hundreth anniversary of the founding of Jamestown, Hashaw's book is likely to remain THE primary reference of all time. Small wonder he has received any number of professional honors for investigative journalism.

Preceding the MAYFLOWER by seventeen years, Jamestown was founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London, a private enterprise supported financially and controlled by a group of wealthy venture capitalists. Authorized by King James, this company was initially given CARTE BLANCHE to monopolize virtually all of North America. A primary motivation was to build an empire in America to serve as a bulwark against further Spanish expansion, but the shareholders also hoped to find in the Chesapeake area a river route to the South Seas, along with vast treasure, such as the CONQUISTADORS had confiscated in Mexico and Peru.

Jamestown became the first "successful" English settlement in the New World. At the same time it was also the birthplace of English-speaking America. A far less publicized event took place in late August, 1619, however, when roughly twenty, branded, shackled, and half-dead Angolans were exchanged for grain, and dumped off at Jamestown by an alleged "Dutch" man-of-war to become the first unwitting African co-founders of America.

In articles and history books these newcomers are most commonly referred to as "the twenty and odd," a quaint phrase found in an original document written by Captain John Smith, who recorded their arrival. But in most versions there is a major omission. The qualifying noun at the end of the initial phrase was a single word identifying them only by "hue." (But there had already been some precedence for racism by skin color. In 1602, and even in 1580, Queen Elizabeth I had issued a proclamation for the exportation from England of "Negars and Blackamoors.")

In the spring of 1619 the Spanish slaver, SAN JUAN BAUTISTA, set sail from Africa's west coast, crammed with a human cargo of 350 Angolan prisoners of war, captured during the heinous Portuguese campaign against the Ndongo people begun a year earlier. Bound for the slave distribution center at Vera Cruz, Mexico, when the ship reached the Gulf of Mexico it was savagely attacked and all but destroyed by two English men-of-war acting in concert - the WHITE LION and the TREASURER.

But when the smoke died down, the privateers did not find the gold and silver they anticipated. Instead, on the smoldering BAUTISTA they found an unspeakably pitiful assemblage of terrified prisoners, jam-packed into the hold like so many animals. Because of size limitations, only 60 of the most healthy-appearing men, women, and children were transferred to the two waiting ships destined for Jamestown.

The first to arrive at Jamestown was the WHITE LION, but since it was protected by a Dutch "marque," and had sailed from the Dutch port of Vlissingen, it was considered "legitimate" and had no difficulty in trading its "twenty and odd." (In those days "letters of marque" distinguished an authorized privateer from a pirate, even though the distinctions between a privately owned corsair and one commissioned by a government were often blurred. Individuals whose own countries outlawed piracy sometimes sought protective marques from other countries.)

Tim Hashaw discovered - after a 400-year-old mystery - that the "anonymous Dutch ship" (as it is still called in most historical records) was actually the WHITE LION. He also discovered that this ship was English, and owned and commanded by a Calvanist minister from Cornwall, England.

When the TREASURER arrived four days later, however, it was a different story. While poised at Point Comfort, awaiting the go-ahead to advance to Jamestown's port, Captain Elfrith received an urgent message from an informant that the TREASURER was suspected of piracy and about to be apprehended.

Earlier, Lord Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, had obtained a protective Italian marque for the TREASURER by bribing Italy's Duke of Savoy. But the marque had since expired, and in light of the major peace treaty of 1604 between England and Spain, piracy was a treasonous act. Only a year before, in fact, King James, at the urging of the smarmy Count Gondomar (Spanish Ambassador for the English Court) had ordered the public beheading of Sir Walter Raleign for this very offense. Realizing how desperate the situation was, Elfrith took time enough only to trade six more prisoners before hightailing it to Bermuda.

To a few powerful members of the Virginia Company, Jamestown was secretly always regarded as a perfect haven for piracy. Deep waters surrounded the Island, and there was excellent visibility up and down the James River. It was also far enough inland to minimize any potential contact with enemy ships. Yet, the water immediately adjacent to land was deep enough to allow the colonists to drop anchor, or make a quick getaway if necessary. Moreover, pirate ships could easily sail in and out of the Chesapeake area without undue notice.

The piracy plot had already been tested early in 1619, when the TREASURER docked uneventfully at Jamestown with its plunder. At that time it was still under the protection of an Italian marque. But because of the later crisis at Point Comfort, involving an unauthorized pirate ship BELONGING TO THE VIRGINIA COMPANY(!)that also contained human cargo, the conspiracy to make Jamestown a piracy stronghold had unexpectedly surfaced. Later this unfolding scandal would be the major reason why King James - who passionately despised piracy - withdrew the Virgina Company's charter in 1624. His decision, however, simultaneously opened the door to the founding of additional colonies that became, during the American Revolution, the framework of a new nation.

Lord Rich was a complicated,contradictory, and controversial "gentleman," at once a swashbuckling and greedy privateer by temperament and deed, a poweful dedicated political leader of the Puritan movement, and a major investor and voice in the Virginia Company. It was he who initiated the piracy plot when he met in 1616 with co-conspirators, Samuel Argall and John Rolfe, who were also prominent members of the Company.

Rich had paved the way for the risky scheme by persuading the Virginia Company to name Argall and Rolfe Jamestown's top administrators. The plan was for these men to attend to the colony's business, while surreptitiously overseeing piracy activities (from which they would personally prosper) and making sure that they would not be caught. But by yielding to Rich's wishes and appointing two traitorous members to such powerful roles, the Virgina Company had - albeit unknowingly - also aided and abetted treason.

In the early decades of Jamestown, before some of its worst problems had been solved, and tobacco had become a profitable export, the colony was a living hell. The settlers were beset in turn by drought, fierce winters, dread diseases, starving, polluted water, attacks on Indians, Indian attacks on them, conniving, conspirarcy, in-fighting, corruption, hanging and near-hanging, insect swarms - and during "The Starving Time," even cannibalism! Throw into the mix that some members of the Virginia Company were actively promoting piracy, and a more realistic picture of America's ignominious past emerges.

What of major importance should be distilled from the incredible amount of factual information in this book?

ANGOLA

1. Ndongo was one of several sophisticated Iron Age Angola states.

2. It was a kingdom of settled farmers, craftsmen, and cattle-herders.

3. Long before the founding of Jamestown, Angola had embraced Christianity.

4. Angola had a written history transcribed by its own European-educated scholars.

5. Angola traded actively with Europe.

THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICANS

1. For several glorious decades they were equal members of the community, working side-by-side with their English counterparts.

2. Many were indentured servants who labored for their freedom for a set period of time, just as did the English.

3. They socialized, owned land, cattle, and other properties, used particular and useful skills, actively traded, lived in decent homes.

4. They intermarried freely with each other, with Europeans, and with local Indians.

5. They had all legal rights.

From Hashaw's book we see how, using the fallacy of race as a way to mask unmitigated greed, a determined Virginia gradually outlawed all civil liberties of these pioneer Americans, and converted them into chattel slaves.

There are lessons to be learned from this...

6 of 6 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars African Americans and their background, August 6, 2007

By 

E. Folta "eafinct" (Connecticut, USA) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   

This review is from: The Birth of Black America: The First African Americans and the Pursuit of Freedom at Jamestown (Hardcover)

This book is excellent for 1) putting the arrival of Africans at Jamestown in context both in European (English, Spanish and Portuguese) politics of the time, and 2) giving in great detail the political, social and economic situation of the Angolan kingdom whence these Africans originated. The activities of the Spanish ambassador to the court of King James is enjoyable diplomatic intrigue; the relation of James to Africa is convincing and should be part of literary studies of Ben Jonson's work. I was amazed to learn that many of the enslaved Africans had Christian backgrounds of several generations, and familiarity with European languages and customs, resulting from Portuguese colonization and missionary activities for more than a century prior. Hashaw does himself credit in showing the similarities and differences in the political and military activities and alliances of these African and European rulers and aristocracies. In addition, he shows in great detail the identities, activities and onward movements of these Africans and their descendents (who are normally anonymous figures in standard histories), and gives credible evidence on the origin of the Melungeon families of Appalachia, and insight into the contributions of Africans to cattle herding and to agricultural success in the Americas. A real page-turner -- a riveting and enlightening account that makes fresh some once-stale facts from your obligatory American history class.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars Family History, February 13, 2010

By 

J. Davis (Texas) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   

Amazon Verified Purchase

This review is from: The Birth of Black America: The First African Americans and the Pursuit of Freedom at Jamestown (Hardcover)

I bought this book looking for one of my father's ancestors.

I found a treasure trove of information on:

the slave trade before Cotton (or sugar or even tabacco) was King

the history and sophistication of the central African nations, especially Angola

the tensions between the new Stuart king and his English subjects

how privateers turned into pirates

and how "20 and odd" slaves could cause an international incident that directly affected the growth of the new colony that would become the United States.

I did find my father's ancestor, Immanuel Rodriguez, who became Emanuel Driggus, who became Manuel Driggers - either one of those "20 and odd" slaves or a child of one. And while looking for him, I found one of my MOTHER's ancestors, Marguerite, who became Margaret Cornish, who was almost certainly one of the "20 and odd."

In the interest of disclosure, both of these family lines were considered White before the American Revolution, lived in the South, and fought for the Confederacy.

An excellent book, even if your ancestors aren't involved.