Johnny Cash had Cherokee blood in him. That fact, along with a strong sense of justice, provides rocket fuel for the passion that pervades "Bitter Tears". At his 1969 Madison Square Garden concert, Cash said "...the ballad of the American Indian is a sad song..." The mood of this entire CD fits that statement. The musical arrangements lean toward the stark and minimal, providing an apt backdrop to the bitter, defeated, and sometimes defiant lyrics.
Most of the songs on "Bitter Tears" come from the songbook of a Pima-Indian, Peter LaFarge. LaFarge served in the Korean War, worked with Cisco Houston, made numerous recordings for Folkways and Columbia, and died in 1964 (of either suicide or stroke). That same year Columbia released "Bitter Tears". This CD now stands as an unplanned tribute to LaFarge (the original liner notes refer to LaFarge in the present tense, so hopefully he lived to hear Cash's interpretations of his songs).
Johnny Cash wrote "Apache Tears" and "The Talking Leaves". LaFarge wrote the remaining songs except J.Horton's "The Vanishing Race". The CD contains nothing but outstanding songs, many of which refer to real historic people or events.
"As Long as The Grass Shall Grow" sums up the history of broken treaties. After the American Revolution, the United States found itself very weak. To placate the American Indians (many of who fought on the side of the British), the US government offered numerous peace treaties promising land "as long as the grass shall grow and the waters flow". US Courts later interpreted such phrases as pure metaphor, and denied claims to land that the treaties promised. LaFarge uses the real life example of the damming of Allegheny River, and the consequent dislocation of many Native Americans, near Pittsburgh as proof of these broken treaties.
"The Ballad of Ira Hayes" is a true story. Ira Hayes actually helped raise the flag on Iwo Jima in 1945, returned home a broken man, turned to drinking, and died far too young. The song stands as Hayes' all too accurate poetic biography. Pete LaFarge's bleak lyrics apparently offended some, but no one can deny their raw power. In the context of "Bitter Tears" they bring out the paradox of the patriotic Pima Indian who helped defend the country that treated his people as second-class citizens. The song hit number 3 on the charts. Not a typical hit for any artist.
"Custer" is a real eyebrow-raiser. It celebrates the downfall of Custer, complete with chuckles and sarcasm: "Well, Custer split his men/well he won't do that again/And the general he don't ride well anymore"; "It's not called an Indian Victory, but a bloody massacre"; "There might have been more enthusin' if us Indian's had been losin'". As the liner notes say: "The contents of this album is the Indian's side of the story."
Other topics on the CD include: Native Americans dating white women (and the problems that can result); the creation of the Cherokee alphabet through the discovery of 'talking leaves'; the 're-education' of Native Americans by the United States goverment.
"Bitter Tears" gushes with sadness, bitterness, and lost hopes. It may offend, inspire, enlighten, depress, anger, or confuse, depending upon one's viewpoint. But without question, a fair listen to this CD will evoke some response, and that's one of the main reasons it will remain one of Johnny Cash's greatest works.