This work examines recent advances in excitotoxic mechanisms, calcium and cell death, acidosis and cell death, inflammation and the immune system, trophic mechanisms and protein synthesis, and changes in gene expression. Dicussion includes glutamate and neurodegeneration in vitro; the involvement of glutamate actions on astrocytes; the mechanisms of calcium-related cell death; the pathophysiology of acidosis-related brain damage; acidosis and cell death in vitro and the protective effect of acidosis in vitro; inflammatory reactions at the blood-endothelial cell interface; free radical formation and microvascular dysfunction; the role of trophic factors in the post-ischaemic brain and the signal transduction mechanism regulating trophic processes in the post-ischaemic brain; immediate early genes and their role in neuronal death; and the heat shock in the post-ischaemic brain.
