Conquer the Crash and over one million other books are available for Amazon Kindle. Learn more


or
Sign in to turn on 1-Click ordering.
or
Amazon Prime Free Trial required. Sign up when you check out. Learn More
Kindle Edition
 
   
Sell Back Your Copy
For a $1.85 Gift Card
Trade in
More Buying Choices
Have one to sell? Sell yours here
Conquer the Crash: You Can Survive and Prosper in a Deflationary Depression
 
 
Start reading Conquer the Crash on your Kindle in under a minute.

Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here, or download a FREE Kindle Reading App.

Conquer the Crash: You Can Survive and Prosper in a Deflationary Depression [Hardcover]

Robert R. Prechter Jr. (Author)
3.8 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (142 customer reviews)

List Price: $29.95
Price: $17.01 & eligible for FREE Super Saver Shipping on orders over $25. Details
You Save: $12.94 (43%)
  Special Offers Available
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
In Stock.
Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. Gift-wrap available.
Only 16 left in stock--order soon (more on the way).
Want it delivered Wednesday, February 1? Choose One-Day Shipping at checkout. Details
Textbook Student FREE Two-Day Shipping for Students. Learn more

Formats

Amazon Price New from Used from
Kindle Edition $9.99  
Hardcover $17.01  
Paperback --  

Book Description

047056797X 978-0470567975 November 9, 2009 2
Today's financial and economic tribulations were a long time in the making. Many people ask, "Why didn't someone see it coming?" A New York Times bestselling book did see it coming. Over 100,000 people read it in time to protect their wealth. The book foresaw and explained the collapse in home prices, plunge in stocks, subprime debacle, liquidity crisis, the demise of Fannie and Freddie, the Federal Reserve's failure to turn the trend, and lots more. The book was Robert Prechter?s Conquer the Crash, published in early 2002, when the Dow was above 10,000 and the financial world was partying around-the-clock.

Fast forward to today: the average U.S. homeowner has suffered a decline of 30% to 40% in property value. Stocks and commodities had their biggest fall since 1929-1932. Fannie Mae is a zombie corporation under the government?s protection. The Fed has pushed every button at its disposal (and then some), to no avail. If Prechter thought a whole new book would help, he'd have written one. But Conquer the Crash is a book-length forecast that's still coming true -- only some of the future has caught up with the specific predictions he published back then. There is much more to come. That means more danger, but also great opportunity. Conquer the Crash, 2nd edition offers you 188 new pages of vital information (480 pages total) plus all the original forecasts and recommendations that make the book more compelling and relevant than the day it published.

In every disaster, only a very few people prepare themselves beforehand. Think about investor enthusiasm in 2005-2008, and you'll realize it's true. Even fewer people will be ready for the soon-approaching, next leg down of the unfolding depression. In this 2nd edition, Prechter gives a warning he's never had to include in 30 years of publishing -- namely, that the doors to financial safety are closing all over the world. In other words, prudent people need to act while they can. Conquer the Crash, 2nd Edition readers will receive exclusive online access to the Conquer the Crash Readers Page, where Prechter continually updates the book's recommended services and institutions.


Special Offers and Product Promotions

  • Buy $50 in qualifying physical textbooks, get $5 in Amazon MP3 Credit. Here's how (restrictions apply)

Frequently Bought Together

Customers buy this book with Elliott Wave Principle: Key To Market Behavior $29.00

Conquer the Crash: You Can Survive and Prosper in a Deflationary Depression + Elliott Wave Principle: Key To Market Behavior
  • This item: Conquer the Crash: You Can Survive and Prosper in a Deflationary Depression

    In Stock.
    Ships from and sold by Amazon.com.
    Eligible for FREE Super Saver Shipping on orders over $25. Details

  • Elliott Wave Principle: Key To Market Behavior

    In Stock.
    Ships from and sold by Amazon.com.
    This item ships for FREE with Super Saver Shipping. Details



Editorial Reviews

Review

"Conquer the Crash with This Important Book: All of the analysis and insight from the original edition is included in the new second edition. But Prechter has added 188 pages of entirely new material, and every one of the book's pages is worth reading and re-reading, even if your copy of the original edition is coffee-stained and dog-eared."
—Tim Bost, Financial Cycles Newsletter

"Prechter's advice for most investors, as described in the recently released second edition of his book [Conquer the Crash], is fairly simple: Play it Safe…Patience is a Virtue…Return of Capital Is Key."
—Aaron Task, Yahoo Finance

From the Inside Flap

In the mid-2000s, optimists encouraged all kinds of risky behavior, such as: investing in stocks ("for the long run"), real estate ("it never goes down"), oil ("the world has run out"), commodities ("China must have them"), derivatives ("they will protect you"), hedge funds ("quants have it all figured out") and countless default-prone IOUs ("they're AAA rated and guaranteed by AIG!"). Everyone agreed that deflation was impossible. The people who read Conquer the Crash got a different story.

If you were fortunate enough to have read the first edition of Robert Prechter's Conquer the Crash, your money was safe and sound as stocks, real estate, commodities and many bonds plummeted. The book reads like an ongoing script of what has happened so far. If the author is right, the most intense portion of the financial crisis is yet to come, and those who are properly positioned will not just survive, but prosper. So you can still benefit from this book.

This brand-new second edition is being published near another peak in social optimism, with the S&P stock index back above 1000, high-profile bears calling for hyperinflation, economists assuring us that the recession is over and authorities announcing that they have saved the financial system. If you trust the experts that markets will soar, that all is well and your finances are safe, read this book before it's too late. If you act soon, it could save your financial life.


Product Details

  • Hardcover: 482 pages
  • Publisher: Wiley; 2 edition (November 9, 2009)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 047056797X
  • ISBN-13: 978-0470567975
  • Product Dimensions: 9.5 x 6.4 x 1.6 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 1.2 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
  • Average Customer Review: 3.8 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (142 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #291,550 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

More About the Author

For Robert Prechter's full biography, please visit www.robertprechter.com.

Robert R. Prechter, Jr., is a financial and social theorist and a market analyst. He has written 14 books. Elliott Wave Principle with A.J. Frost (1978) forecasted the great bull market of the 1980s and 1990s. Conquer the Crash (2002, 2009), a New York Times bestseller, predicted the current global financial crisis in detail. Prechter's two-book set Socionomics (2003) shows how his social and financial theories weave together with his market forecasting approach: Waves of group mood determine the tenor of society's actions, from more inward, dark, bearish expressions to more outward, sunnier and bullish endeavors. Prechter's newest website, www.socionomics.net, explains his socionomics hypothesis and how it applies to various human arenas.
Prechter has dedicated much of his career to employing and enhancing R. N. Elliott's financial pricing model called the Wave Principle. He began his career as a Technical Market Specialist with the Merrill Lynch Market Analysis Department. Prechter is President of Elliott Wave International, the world's largest market forecasting firm. EWI serves institutional and private investors around the world.

Financial Theory
Prechter's theory of financial causality proposes a separation between finance and economics. In the economic realm, goods and services have utility value and mostly are priced rationally via the Law of Supply and Demand. This leads to rough equilibrium. In the financial realm, investments are priced non-rationally, with changes fueled by uncertain future demand and according to the Law of Patterned Herding. This approach generates speculation and unceasing dynamism. Only once the analyst recognizes this divergence can he properly view financial pricing, Prechter asserts.

Socionomics
Prechter's theory of socionomics says that trends and events across a broad spectrum of human interaction are impelled by a common immutable force: social mood. With its claim that mood impels action and events, socionomics is unique; most social theories posit the reverse.
The Wave Principle
As a market analyst, Prechter applies the Wave Principle, a financial pricing model identified and described by Ralph Nelson Elliott in the 1930s. According to this model, financial market prices develop in a series of five- and three-wave forms and produce a fractal. Prechter has written and/or edited a dozen books on the Wave Principle. Prechter began applying the Wave Principle to financial markets in 1972. Prechter's firm, Elliott Wave International, analyzes every major financial market in the world, 24 hours a day, according to the Wave Principle.

Awards
Using the Wave Principle, Prechter won the U.S. Trading Championship in 1984 with a then-record 444% return in four months in a monitored, real-money options trading account. Prechter has won numerous speaking, timing and publishing awards, and in 1989, he was named "Guru of the Decade" by the Financial News Network (now CNBC). In 1999, Prechter received the Canadian Society of Technical Analysts' first annual A.J. Frost Memorial Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Development of Technical Analysis. In 2003, Traders Library granted him its Hall of Fame award.

Miscellaneous
Prechter was born in 1949. He attended Yale University on a full scholarship. In 1979, Prechter founded Elliott Wave International and began publishing monthly market analysis under the masthead, The Elliott Wave Theorist. He was a nine-year member the Market Technicians Association's board and was the MTA's President in 1990-1991. Prechter employs a staff of analysts who apply the Wave Principle, real-time, to every major market in the world. He recently created the Socionomics Institute, which elucidates socionomics, and he underwrites the Socionomics Foundation, which is dedicated to supporting socionomics-related academic research. Elliott Wave Principle has been translated into a dozen languages, and Conquer the Crash was a New York Times bestseller. Prechter has made multiple speeches and media appearances around the globe. In 2008, the Georgia state legislature asked Prechter to testify before the legislature's Joint Economic Committee regarding the developing real estate crisis. Bob is a member of the Triple Nine Society, the Shakespeare Oxford Society and the Shakespeare Fellowship.

 

Customer Reviews

142 Reviews
5 star:
 (62)
4 star:
 (37)
3 star:
 (14)
2 star:
 (11)
1 star:
 (18)
 
 
 
 
 
Average Customer Review
3.8 out of 5 stars (142 customer reviews)
 
 
 
 
Share your thoughts with other customers:
Most Helpful Customer Reviews

147 of 150 people found the following review helpful:
3.0 out of 5 stars Provocative Viewpoint on the Market and the Economy, August 18, 2002
By 
L. Masonson (Monroe, New York USA) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   
Robert Prechter Jr. is well-known in stock market circles for his Elliott Wave predictions over the years have had their success and failures. This is Prechters third and latest book (At the Crest of the Tidal Wave (1995) and The Elliott Wave Principle (1978)). His current book is really two books in one printed on different colored paper! Even if you do not agree with Prechters view of the world, you should certainly understand his arguments and make your own decisions.

Part I (135 pp.) focuses on why he believes a stock market crash will occur in the near term, as well why deflation and economic depression are high probability scenarios. Although deflation and depression are rare occurrences, Prechter believes that they are at the brink. His goal is writing the book is to provide insight into defining both events and make you believe that they can happen, and eventually make you believe that they are likely to happen.

Prechter compares the period 1942-1966 (called Wave III) with the economic expansion of 1974-2000 (Wave V). He points out that the most recent period had much weaker economic fundamentals and performance than the prior period, although by stock market standards Wave V had an increase of 1930% on the DJIA compared to 971% during Wave III. In his analysis he provides comprehensive statistics on GDP, Industrial Production, Capacity Utilization, Unemployment rate, households liquid assets, federal and consumer debt, prime rate, federal budget deficit, personal savings among others. Prechter then defines depression and its relationship to the stock market. One of his key observations is that major stock market declines lead directly to depressions.

Prechter depicts the five waves evident in the stock market using four charts. He points out that the five-wave pattern occurs even taking into account major news events such as Hitlers rise to power and the end of the Vietnam war. Prechter provides four signs of a market top and explains the Elliott Wave characteristics of each of the five waves.

Prechter presents his case for the existing stock market precarious situation (as of March 2002) by covering Wave V in great detail. He spends considerable time examining the fifth wave from 1974 to 2000 compared to previous waves. The case for the historically high stock evaluation is made by focusing on the low dividend yield, outrageously high book value, and high P/E ratio. Prechter then covers how psychology plays a major role in a stock market advance and decline. He reviews the psychology of he economists, brokerage strategists, money managers, public, and the media.

Prechter believes that the upcoming bear market will be the most devastating since the great depression and perhaps since 1720-1784. If this occurs, he indicates that the U.S. will experience another depression. He forecasts that the DJI will plummet to 777, the August 1982 low, if that average follows the pattern of the prior manias (e.g., Nikkei; DJI 1929-32; Gouda tulip bulbs (1634-1722); and the South Sea Company (1719-1722)). Lastly, he makes the case for deflation, and discusses the Fed and banking system.

Book Two provided Prechters advice for protecting yourself and profiting from the upcoming depression. His recommendations include:
1. Have safety of principal by being in cash or high-quality short-term U.S. Government treasuries (T-bills) or money market mutual funds that invest in these types of instruments.
2. Sell your home (if you have a large mortgage) and rent instead.
3. Find a safe bank (using Weiss Ratings, Inc., for example) and keep your money there.
4. Do not own or invest in stocks, options or futures.
5. Consider buying inverse mutual funds (such as Rydex Tempest that double short the S&P 500) and Rydex Venture (double short NASDAQ 100). ProFunds also offers bear funds. To invest in any of these funds, Prechter cautions that you must be a short-term timer to be successful.
6. Buy physical gold and silver metals.
7. Cash out your whole life insurance policies and convert to term insurance from the safest firms (based on Weiss Ratings, Inc., for example)

Prechter provides a very sobering view of the future that few individuals will heed because of its negative and extreme consequences. But if this book makes you think about the safety of your financial nest eggs, retirement funds, insurance policies, etc; then at least you can decide to take some steps to protect yourself. If the stock market can manage to rally 20-40% from the lows of July 2002, then perhaps you should consider cashing in your remaining equity and mutual funds positions before the real bear market takes hold as Prechter envisions. I know I will be doing that and then using my charts and technical indicators to tell me when to get back in. Its shame that Prechter did not publish this book in March 2000 when the market was at its peak. He would have saved most investors, who believed his work, a great deal of money if they had followed his recommendations.

Whether you agree with Prechters view of the world, you will certainly agree with this quote:
To be successful in life, or at least learn something along the way, you have to think for yourself.

Help other customers find the most helpful reviews 
Was this review helpful to you? Yes No


310 of 328 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars This book will cause you no financial harm if followed, August 27, 2002
By 
T. Austin (Van Nuys, CA United States) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   
Amazon Verified Purchase(What's this?)
Let me get this off my chest first: I read every single review here at Amazon before I bought this book and I must say that the negative reviews; or more accurately the nasty ones, lead me to believe that the reviewers did not read the book. I say that because even if Prichter is wrong, and there is no upcoming "Deflationary Depression" and this decade is all blue skies just like the late 1990's were, any subsequent readers who followed his advice to the exact letter of the verbage would NOT lose any of their assets whatsoever. Therefore, how could this book do harm? At worst it educates the reader as to how to handle uncertain times. There is no bad or harmful advice in this book.

His advice is basically to pay off your bills, put your money in rock solid banks. Don't rely on the government to protect you, buy some precious metals, and get ready to profit once we are at the rock bottom by way of investment strategies that take advantage of the subsequent inflation post a "Deflationary Depression." What's harmful about being in cash?

Now the review: Prichter is confident that there is going to be a deflationary depression. A period of great contraction in our economy that drives down any and all inflated value out of any goods or services such as the depression the United States suffered through in 1929.

He supports his premise with monetary statistics such as the 30 trillion dollar credit bubble that America now has, and numerous other statistics that aren't that pretty.

Prichter also bases his premise for a "Deflationary Depression" on a controversial charting method known as "The Elliot Wave Theory". It's controversial in that some stock market analysts think it is merely conjecture, while other analysts feel it is an absolute, social, "fractal". (A "Fractal" is defined as a geometric shape that self repeats over and over into a larger shape. This can especially be observed in nature.)

As a result, the Elliot Wave Theory is believed to be an accurate way of charting graphs whereas the viewer trained in this principle can predict where that statistic is going to go based on Elliot Wave analysis. Whether this is nonsense or not, every major brokerage firm has an Elliot Wave analyst.

Prichter teaches the basics of this technique and supports his findings with background statistics such as market volume and breath.

The book is divided into two sections: Why a "Deflationary Depression" is going to happen, and the second part of the book covering how to profit and protect yourself when it does. At the very least this book is an educational exercise as to what to do if a "Deflationary Depression" or bear market occurs.

To repeat, his advice would do no harm if followed even if he is wrong. Challenge any reviewer who says otherwise.

Tony

Help other customers find the most helpful reviews 
Was this review helpful to you? Yes No


165 of 183 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars Read This Book While There's Still Time!, July 1, 2002
By 
Amazon Verified Purchase(What's this?)
A lot of what drives market activity--and what creates opportunities for profitable trades--is herd behavior. When prices start to go up, the bullish sentiment spreads, and as soon as a crowd gets involved, a rally is underway. When fear sets it, it gets contagious and the market crashes.

But the really big opportunities come from the ability to step outside of the herd's expectations and see things from a different perspective. If you have the wisdom and the courage to go against the popular belief, you can reap substantial rewards, especially if your timing is right. And someone who demonstrates that ability to defy the herd is someone worth paying attention to.

Robert R. Prechter Jr. is a good example. As the world-renowned popularizer of the Elliott Wave Principle, he has repeatedly revealed his capacity for original and insightful thinking. Along the way, he has time and again come up with startling forecasts for the markets and for the economy, sharing perceptions that boggle the minds of the more pedestrian pundits who are hopelessly locked into linear thinking.

In 2002 Prechter published a watershed book, Conquer the Crash, in which he made some astonishing predictions that defied the popular logic of the time, when the focus of the financial experts was on buy-and-hold strategies in the stock market, speculation in real estate that could presumably only go up in value, and on hedging investment positions with sophisticated derivatives as a kind of portfolio insurance.

And what did Bob Prechter predict? The implosion of collateralized securities. The collapse of Fannie Mae and the crumbling of major banks. The failure of bond-rating services to issue timely warnings. The advent of bailout schemes from the government. And an extremely rare, simultaneous plunge in real estate prices, commodities, and the stock market.

Oddly enough, as one after another of Prechter's forecasts were precisely reflected in the financial news of recent years, he didn't get much attention in the mainstream press. Maybe it was because his book also featured another prediction--that we are facing a deflationary depression.

While some would argue that deflation is impossible under the present circumstances, it might be prudent at least to consider that possibility, especially considering the stunning accuracy of Bob Prechter's other predictions. And if you're willing to take a peek at that scenario, Prechter has just the thing for you--a brand-new edition of Conquer the Crash!

All of the analysis and insight from the original edition is included in the new second edition. But Prechter has added 188 pages of entirely new material, and every one of the book's pages is worth reading and re-reading, even if your copy of the original edition is coffee-stained and dog-eared.

There are plenty of fresh gems between the covers. Here are just a few samples:

"It is not the case that Fed chairmen are either fools or geniuses, as their records appear to imply. They do, however, preside over eras that make them appear to be one or the other."

"I hate to challenge mainstream 20th century macroeconomic theory, but the idea that a growing economy needs easy credit is a false theory. Credit should be supplied by the free market, in which case it will almost always be offered intelligently, primarily to producers, not consumers."

"Those waiting to get rich in the stock market, however, have just been kidnapped, trussed up and thrown in the trunk of a car heading to Bankruptcy City. . . . Just look at this 25-year trendline, which just burst like an Army Corps levee."

"One of the biggest scams ever perpetrated is the idea that the stock market has made people rich over the past 80 years. Almost the entire gain in the Dow is due to debasement of the currency."

Even more important, though, the new edition of Conquer the Crash does more than just make dire forecasts and describe an ever-more-likely scenario of extended economic catastrophe. It also provides sound, specific strategies not just for surviving a wave of deflationary depression, but also for turning the troubled times ahead into an enormous opportunity for profit and personal prosperity.

Note the word "specific" here. Conquer the Crash not only offers clear theoretical insights and extraordinary strategic thinking; it also provides a treasure trove of references and useful resources, including websites, phone numbers, and the names of sound banks, insurers, gold dealers, advisors, and other individuals who can help you with your plans for prosperity during a deflationary depression. There's also an access code for a special online question-and-answer forum for readers of the book.

So here's the bottom line. Get a copy of Conquer the Crash immediately. Then read it, and put the strategies it suggests into action. If Bob Prechter's forecasts somehow turn out to be wrong, you won't really be any worse off--in fact, you'll wind up with a more solid grasp on your own financial future. But if he turns out to be right, you'll not only be able to make it through the coming depression--you'll also be able to reap some very big rewards as we hit bottom in a time of unprecedented opportunity.

*****

By the way, here's what I had to say about the original edition of this book back in 2002:

"How much time is left?"
That's the question that kept ringing through my mind as I finished reading Bob Prechter's new book, Conquer the Crash.
"How much time is left? And how fast can I take appropriate action?"
There's definitely a sense of urgency created in this insightful and wonderfully readable book. While it's not specifically about equities trading or financial astrology, the topics that provide the usual focus for Financial Cycles, it's required reading for market astrologers, active traders, and anyone else who wants to enhance his or her prospects for economic survival in the years ahead.
Prechter, the world's preeminent authority on Elliott Wave theory, makes an extremely convincing argument, not only that we are headed for a major market crash and a widespread depression much bigger than the one 70 years ago, but also that we will experience severe deflation, halting and reversing the inflationary trend that has been a bedrock assumption in virtually all financial planning throughout our lives. He examines market history, social psychology, and the prevailing money myths to create a startlingly clear vision of some pretty scary situations that demand serious attention.
Along the way, he illuminates the workings of the Federal Reserve, assesses the impact of increasing terrorism, examines the outlook for government, and makes suggestions for employers, collectors, and prospective retirees. And while he isn't writing about financial astrology, he does provide vital insights into the workings of economic and social cycles-not only Elliott Wave, but the Kondratieff long wave as well.
That's not to say that this is a technical book written only for seasoned analysts or would-be experts. In fact, the opposite is true. It contains some of the clearest, easiest-to-understand material I've ever read on Elliott Wave. But more importantly, its real charm, and its usefulness, comes from the fact that Bob Prechter is writing for average folks who probably haven't really given much thought to what might happen to the economy in the years ahead. And while some of the insights in Conquer the Crash are scary enough, this isn't really a doom-and-gloom piece. It's chock full of practical tips for specific actions you can and should take right now. You'll find valuable guidance here, not only on how to handle the stock market ("The opportunity to make money on the downside in a deflationary crash can hardly be overstated"), but also on real estate, bonds, insurance, banking, annuities, and precious metals. And the actions Prechter suggests aren't vague generalities-you'll find easy-to-read check lists of the particular things you can do in various situations, plus specific names of financial and research institutions that can provide additional help, along with toll-free phone numbers, URLs, and other contact information.
All at once, Conquer the Crash manages to be gripping, thought-provoking reading, a handy reference book, and a stirring call to personal action. As Prechter notes, he certainly gets into "concerns that most investment counselors view as little different from paranoia. As the old saying goes, I may be paranoid, but that doesn't mean there isn't someone following me. In the final analysis, it is better to be safe and wrong than exposed and wrong."
Robert Prechter deserves a lot of respect for the outstanding work he has done over the years in his analysis of social and economic trends. He never hesitates to define his point of view clearly, and he's never afraid to risk taking a stand. As a result he is one of those truly rare commodities in today's hype-filled age: a genuinely original thinker. Conquer the Crash is a delightful case in point.
If Bob Prechter is right, the only question is how much time is left for you to take appropriate action. And if it turns out that he's wrong, taking the actions he suggests won't endanger your financial security or severely impact your current lifestyle in any negative way. So what have you got to lose? I strongly suggest that you get your hands on a copy of this book, read it, and pay very close attention to what it says.
-Tim Bost
[...]
Help other customers find the most helpful reviews 
Was this review helpful to you? Yes No

Share your thoughts with other customers: Create your own review
 
 
 
Most Recent Customer Reviews











Only search this product's reviews



Inside This Book (learn more)
Browse Sample Pages:
Front Cover | Table of Contents | First Pages | Surprise Me!
Search Inside This Book:


Tags Customers Associate with This Product

 (What's this?)
Click on a tag to find related items, discussions, and people.
 
(2)

Your tags: Add your first tag
 

Customer Discussions

This product's forum
Discussion Replies Latest Post
No discussions yet

Ask questions, Share opinions, Gain insight
Start a new discussion
Topic:
First post:
Prompts for sign-in
 


Active discussions in related forums
Search Customer Discussions
Search all Amazon discussions
   
Related forums


Listmania!




Look for Similar Items by Category


Look for Similar Items by Subject