The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment [Paperback]

Roy Porter (Author)

Book Description

ISBN-10: 0393322688 | ISBN-13: 978-0393322682 | Publication Date: November 2001

"Porter's [book] has been long in the making and has been worth waiting for."—Peter Gay, Times Literary Supplement

From the author of The Greatest Benefit to Mankind (winner of the Los Angeles Times Book Award) comes a "sumptuous and spicy volume" (Washington Post Book World) that highlights Britain's long-underestimated and pivotal role in disseminating the ideas and culture of the Enlightenment. In response to numerous histories centered on France and Germany, Roy Porter explains how the monumental transformation of thinking in Britain influenced worldwide developments. This "splendidly imaginative" work "propels the debate forward...and makes a valuable point" (New York Times Book Review). 16 pages of black and white illustrations

Editorial Reviews

Amazon.com Review

Traditionally, "The Enlightenment" has been associated with France, America, and Scotland rather than Britain, which, strangely enough, is thought not to have had an Enlightenment to speak of. Roy Porter effectively upsets this view in Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World. Porter's general concern is with "the interplay of activists, ideas, and society," and to this end he examines innovations in social, political, scientific, psychological, and theological discourse. The key figures (the "enlightened thinkers") read like a Who's Who of the 17th and 18th centuries--Newton, Locke, Bernard de Mandeville, Erasmus Darwin, Priestley, Paine, Bentham, and Britain's "premier enlightenment couple" Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin, as well as the men who helped popularize and disseminate their ideas, such as Addison, Steele, Defoe, Pope, and Sterne. The book is peppered with brilliant quotes, and although it covers such vast ground in a rapid and sometimes breathless manner, Porter just about manages to hold it all together.

While returning the Enlightenment to Britain, Porter also provides a persuasive general defense of the movement against its Foucauldian, feminist, and/or postmodern critics who still "paint it black." It was perpetually dismissed as "anything from superficial and intellectually naïve to a conspiracy of dead white men in periwigs [who] provide the intellectual foundation for Western imperialism," and one of the book's strengths is that after reading it, one finds it hard to understand how these "critiques" gained such influence in intellectual circles. The major shortcoming of the book--as Porter is well aware--is that "too many themes receive short measure": literature and the arts, political debate, the forging of nationalism, and more. Several chapters, if not all, deserved book-length treatment, making this work of nearly 500 pages seem quite short. But if Enlightenment leaves the reader unsatisfied, it is in the best possible way--one would have liked to hear more from Porter rather than less. Word has it he's already planning an encore. --Larry Brown, Amazon.co.uk --This text refers to the Hardcover edition.

Review

Porter's [book] has been long in the making and has been worth waiting for. -- Peter Gay, Times Literary Supplement

See all Editorial Reviews

Product Details

• Paperback: 768 pages
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company (November 2001)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0393322688
• ISBN-13: 978-0393322682
• Product Dimensions: 9 x 6.2 x 1.3 inches
• Shipping Weight: 1.8 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
• Average Customer Review: 4.3 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (6 customer reviews)
• Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #683,743 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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21 of 21 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars A grandiose title, but a great book, September 18, 2002

By 

Chanandler Bong - See all my reviews

This review is from: The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment (Paperback)

Roy Porter's discussion of the British enlightenment may not be an "untold story," but it is an important story that is often underemphasized in the history of the enlightenment. The essence of Porter's argument is that Britain did, in fact, have an enlightenment as vibrant and relevant as those more studied enlightenments in France and Germany.

In the first half of the book, Porter demonstrates the existence of a British enlightenment through a dense, narrative argument that tracks contemporary discussions in various realms of study, such as religion, science, human nature, and politics. The result is an impressive vision of a new environment of intellectual activity in eighteenth century Britain, as thinkers sought to express "new mental and moral values, new canons of taste, styles of sociability and views of human nature."

Meanwhile, across the Channel the French philosophes reacted against religious intolerance with atheism and against the abuses of absolutism with republicanism. English thinkers of the eighteenth century lacked such divisive issues: religious toleration, at least of a rudimentary sort, was established by 1689, and absolutism had died with Charles I in 1649. As a result, the enlightenment in Britain stressed "the drive not to subvert the system, but to secure it so as to achieve individual satisfaction and collective stability." Thus in Britain the eighteenth century, like so many other centuries, was characterized by a reforming gradualism rather than an oppositional radicalism.

In the second half of the book, Porter examines the results of enlightenment. He argues that the overall condition of women did not worsen during the century and tentatively suggests that it improved, citing observations of foreign visitors who noted the relative freedom of women in Britain. Also, he emphasizes the importance British intellectuals placed on education as a means for improvement, foreshadowing the arguments of such nineteenth century liberals as Mill.

Finally, Porter investigates the effects of the revolutions in America and France on the British enlightenment. The revolt of the American colonies served to radicalize the enlightenment in Britain, as intellectuals suddenly saw their enlightened Britain acting an oppressive role across the Atlantic. The initial stages of the French Revolution furthered this effect, as sympathetic organizations sprouted across Britain. However, the Terror divided British intellectuals: most, including Burke, Coleridge and Malthus turned reactionary, while others such as Byron and Hazlitt remained true to their enlightened principles and mourned current events. However, even the Terror did not terminate the British enlightenment, as many of its ideals quickly reemerged in the form Victorian liberalism.

Highly recommended as a foundational text in British history and/or as comparative book for the study of continental enlightenments. Well written with extensive endnotes and bibliography.

19 of 21 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars The definitive case for the British Enlightenment, May 2, 2005

By 

M. B. Trapp (Louisville, Kentucky United States) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   

This review is from: The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment (Paperback)

The late historian Roy Porter has provided an invaluable addition to studies in the history of the Enlightenment with his book, The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment (hereafter CMW). Livelier than any work of intellectual history has a right to be, Porter proves himself a master historian with a sharp pen. Polished in style and scholarship, wit and weightiness, CMW should stand as a watershed in Enlightenment studies. Porter's aim is to change how the importance of the Enlightenment in Britain is viewed, and on that account he succeeds wildly.

It might be better said that Porter's aim is not to change how the British Enlightenment is viewed, but to show that there was such a thing in the first place. The "Enlightenment" can be a somewhat ambiguous term. To cut it down to a crude and insufficient summary, it is often viewed as the movement in western Europe in the late 17th and 18th centuries away from religion and monarchy and toward secularism and democracy. Like all intellectual movements it took place primarily in the upper tiers of society. Porter's argument is simple: what happened in Britain during this time has an equal if not greater claim to the title of "Enlightenment" as what happened on the continent.

Known primarily for his work in the history of medicine, Porter's work is never accused of being boring. CMW is no different. Porter's characteristic buoyancy is evident from the moment he attacks his thesis; it is almost as if he is personally insulted as an Englishman that the British Enlightenment has never been seen as a movement of greater repute. Thus it might be argued that his presupposition is more of a bias. If one is going to go about proving something about which one is biased, it would not hurt to take a lesson from Porter in how it is done.

Porter's approach to history might be called the "over-enthused scholar's" approach. The density with which he fills the pages of CMW with the names of people, places, movements, societies, ideas, relationships, etc. is truly staggering. It is as if he has the ability to draw at will from a lifetime of memorizing arcane facts and data about British history. It is in this sense that it is difficult to argue with the conclusion that Porter has accomplished his aim on an awe-inspiring scale. But there is a difficulty in appropriating this volume of information, especially for the casual reader. There are moments when it seems as if Porter could have backed off a bit, as it were, and given the reader a breather from new facts and information. Here analysis and commentary are so tightly intertwined with the introduction of new data that it can become confusing. But this weakness of CMW is also its strength. Porter may be unmatched for his sheer ability to amass quantities of data in support of his argument.

Although any history of the Enlightenment will in some sense be an intellectual history, Porter manages to turn it into a broader social history as well. He structures the book into chapters that each deal with a different subject - religion, human nature, politics, sexual equality, and the like - and traces the development of changes in that subject. Hovering over all of these changes are certain central figures: Locke, Hume, Wollstonecraft, etc. He uses the popular method of history writing that focuses on mini-biographies of key figures of the period, but not exclusively. Porter is just as likely to introduce an animated commentary on the increased speed of urban life in late eighteenth century London as a commentary on some obscure Jacobin agitator.

But it is in the mini-biographies, the characters in this story of the British Enlightenment, that Porter's thesis comes alive. CMW paints a picture of a network of intellectual relationships and influences that illustrates the British Enlightenment as a movement, a true alteration of the fundamental makeup of eighteenth century British society. The rabid interest Porter takes in these figures translates onto the page into characters that are larger than life, individuals who seemingly obsessed over whatever little corner of this period they laid claim to.

If CMW has a primary weakness it is that Porter is so successful in proving his thesis - that there was such a thing as a British Enlightenment - that he almost entirely fails to point to anything like a counter-Enlightenment on a large scale. He does treat this subject for a few pages here and there, but it seems that any history of an intellectual and social movement would not be complete without a robust treatment of the reaction movement. What, for example, of Methodism? References to Wesley and his followers are few, and those there are tend to downplay the enthusiasm of such religious extremists by showing the unflattering opinion of them held by the Humes and the Godwins.

Perhaps this is unavoidable. A movement such as the Enlightenment is historically important not because it was representative of every member and stratus of society, but because the world was changed by those upon whom it was influential. Indeed, Porter only devotes one chapter to the common folk ("The Vulgar," a term that Porter uses to describe the view of the lower classes by many of his protagonists), and even then it is to show what the main characters thought about them and their role in society. If the ideals of the Enlightenment filtered down to those people that liberalism and freedom were supposed to help, it would not be easy to tell by reading CMW.

But if Porter ignores the lower classes, he does not ignore the changes occurring in the world in which they live. From the proliferation of coffee shops and the printed word to new novelties such as take-away meals on the streets and pleasure gardens, Porter sees the British Enlightenment as something more than an intellectual or political movement: it was the total transformation of a society. Perhaps there is something to criticize here as well. Is the fact that urban life became more fast-paced a characterizing feature of the Enlightenment? In Porter's line of reasoning it certainly is, and perhaps he is in some sense adding his own stamp to the term. If before encountering CMW a reader has a mental image of the Enlightenment as stuffy philosophers or scientists poring over manuscripts in their chambers or of French philosophes prattling on about the evils of religion, then after reading Porter there must certainly be a new mental image: that of an entire society transformed by a new way of looking at life.

If this new definition of Enlightenment is appropriated then Porter's book will be seen as a revelation, for in that case the transformation of British society will stand as the supreme example. Less drastic than the change in French society after the French Revolution, the British Enlightenment will be seen as more successful due to its being more consistent with the ideals of the Enlightenment as a whole. In Porter's hands the drama of human social history in eighteenth century Britain is indeed that: a drama, albeit one written with wit and style, intrigue and humor, and a volume of scholarship with which it will be difficult for anyone in the future to contend.

9 of 10 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars Comprehensive and well-documented, May 13, 2004

By 

Bibliophile - See all my reviews

This review is from: The Creation of the Modern World: The British Enlightenment (Hardcover)

I'm pretty impressed by the extensive documentation, not just in the bibliography but also in the endnotes. Porter hardly mentioned Ben Franklin, who was after all American. But as a Briton before 1776 Franklin too was part of the British Enlightenment.

Porter placed particular emphasis on the role of Priestley, whom he said is often neglected. I think Porter was exactly right about Priestley, who was probably as important as Hume, Locke or anyone else to the British Enlightenmnt for advocating free inquiry and truth; let inquiry be free and truth be told though Christianity itself may fall, said Priestley, who was a Christian theologian. Those were pretty strong words to come out of a preacher in those days when atheism was a crime.

The British played as big a role in the Enlightenment as the French. Of that there can be no doubt after this book. Americans too made their contribution, as Henry Steele Commager said in his book The Empire of Reason," but until 1776 this was part of British Enlightenment.