The sixth-century theological controversy over the 'Three Chapters', which centred on the nature of Christ, provoked one of the most serious, long-lived religious schisms of the early Middle Ages. The fault lines ran not only between the Byzantine imperial court and the papacy, but also between the developing churches of the western successor states and Rome . In the west, the schism endured into the seventh century, and the repercussions continued to be felt long thereafter. Though rooted in the complexities of christological debate, the tensions underscored other, fundamental aspects of the growing political as well as cultural divide between Byzantium , the papacy, and the western churches. The controversy is therefore critical for our understanding of the Mediterranean world of the sixth and seventh centuries and of the inheritance of empire in the west. Yet despite the quarrel's importance, in the last half-century no extended study has been published of its recognized political, social, and ecclesiastical impact in early medieval western Europe and North Africa . This book presents twelve chapters by an international group of scholars of late antiquity, who examine different facets of the Three Chapters Controversy and its profound significance for the development of these regions.
