Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
c 4000 BC: Sumerian records report euphoric effect of the poppy plant. c 2820: BC Shen Nung born. A Chinese emperor, physician and reformer who experimented with plants and discovered their medicinal values. He originated acupuncture and wrote the great herbal Pen Tsoa, which describes over 365 medicinal plants. c 2650 BC: Imhotep born. An Egyptian physician, architect and astrologer during the third dynasty, who designed the first pyramid at Saqqara and was deified as the god of healing.
1852: Synthesis of salicylic acid was reported by H. Gerland. This was one of several important publications on previously isolated active medicinals. 1852: The maximum velocity of nerve conduction in experimental animals was found to be 30 meters per second by Hermann von Helmholtz of the University of Bonn, Germany. 1852: William Stewart Halstead born. An American surgeon who performed the first successful ligation of the subclavian artery in America, pioneered circular sutures for intestines (1887), introduced cocaine for local anesthesia (1885), and introduced rubber gloves into surgery (1894).
1996: Triple therapy drug treatment for AIDS patients was introduced.
1998: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was jointly awarded to American scientists, Robert F. Furchgott of New York, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad of Los Angeles for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. 1998: The drug Viagra was introduced to treat impotence.
1999: A cheaper drug combination for treatment of AIDS, hydroxyurea and ddI, is showing promising results in African trials. 1999: A new inhalational drug, Zanamivir, was approved to fight flu, blocking the viral enzyme neuroaminidase so preventing flu virus from escaping the cell.