The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi Economic War Against the Jews: The Expropriation of Jewish-Owned Property [Hardcover]

Harold James (Author)

Book Description

ISBN-10: 0521803292 | ISBN-13: 978-0521803298 | Publication Date: March 23, 2001

Deutsche Bank, Germany's largest financial institution, played an important role in the expropriation of Jewish-owned enterprises during the Nazi dictatorship, both in the existing territories of Germany, and in the areas seized by the German army during World War II, particularly Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. Drawing on new and previously unavailable materials, including branch records, and many from the Bank's own archives, Harold James examines policies that led to the eventual Genocide of European Jews. How much did the realization of the Nazi ideology depend on the acquiescence, the complicity, and the cupidity of individuals and economic institutions? Contradicting the traditional view that businesses were motivated by profit to cooperate with the Nazi regime, James closely examines the behavior of the bank and its individuals to suggest other motivations. James' unparalleled access and unusual perspective distinguishes this work as the only book to examine one company's involvement in the economic persecution of the Jews in Nazi Germany. Harold James is Professor of History at Princeton University. He is a member of the Independent Commission of Experts investigating the political and economic links of Switzerland with Nazi Germany, and of commissions to examine the roles of Deutsche Bank and Dresdner Bank. He is the author of several books on Germany economy and society, including Germany: The German Slump (Oxford University Press, 1986), A Germany Identity 1770-1990 (Routledge, 1993), and International Monetary Cooperation Since 1945 (Oxford University Press, 1996). He co-edited several books, including The Role of Banks in the Interwar Economy (Cambridge, 1991). James was also co-author of an earlier history of the commercial bank Deutsche Bank (Deutsche Bank 1870-1995, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1995) which won the Financial Times Global Business Book Award in 1996. He lives in Princeton, New Jersey.

Editorial Reviews

From Publishers Weekly

In a book that could be subtitled "Hitler's Willing Investment Bankers," Princeton historian James recounts the Deutsche Bank's participation in the "aryanization" of the German economy from 1932 to 1940, drawing on internal Deutsche Bank records that only recently became available as well as material seized by Soviet troops after World War II. He shows how, as the Nazis began to rise to power, the bank reluctantly purged itself of Jewish directors, followed by Jewish employees, in response to state pressure. Later, James reveals, the regime enlisted the bank employees' professional skills, domestic and foreign relationships, and financial muscle to eliminate Jewish control and ownership of German companies. The expropriation was conducted gradually, since many hastily seized companies proved worthless without the management of their Jewish former owners, and also because this method muted foreign criticism and preserved a veneer of legality. This stands in stark contrast to the brutally simple methods used by the Nazis in occupied countries and, after 1941, in Germany as well, explains James. While he finds it impossible to make an accurate estimate of the profit Deutsche Bank made from these activities and whether that profit might exceed postwar reparations, he suggests that extravagant figures cited by other researchers are baseless and implausible. His work will not carry weight with these critics, however, since it was subsidized by Deutsche Bank and is largely based on documents kept under their control for the last 50 years. (Mar. 15) Forecast: While the publisher has positioned this work as a nonfiction thriller revealing previously unimagined levels of corruption, it is actually a dry history that will primarily attract serious students of the period. James's moderate positions on the bank's profit and the guilt borne by bank managers is unlikely to win friends on either side of the controversy.
Copyright 2001 Reed Business Information, Inc.

Review

"...controversial...moving." Journal of Modern History

"James has produced an intelligent and informative work...indispensable to the study of financial institutions under the Nazi regime...Despite all the complex financial analysis, James never loses sight of the moral issues involved." Canadian Journal of History

"James weaves institutional, biographical material, and case studies together to form a multifaceted history of his subject." Enterprise and Society

"This is a thorough picture of one company's role in the economic persecution of German Jews." www.hbsworkingknowledge.hbs.edu

"...James must be commended for his careful research and his measured yet damning assessment of the Deutsche Bank's behavior during the Third Reich." German Studies Review

"This study provides solid, important research on 'Aryanization'." American Historical Review

"...this is a very well-written, scholarly narrative, largely based on unpublished primary sources skillfully questioned by a committed historian." Business History Review, Christopher Kobrak, ESCP-EAP

"Persuasive." Books and Art

See all Editorial Reviews

Product Details

• Hardcover: 280 pages
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press (March 23, 2001)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0521803292
• ISBN-13: 978-0521803298
• Product Dimensions: 9.3 x 6.2 x 0.8 inches
• Shipping Weight: 1.1 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
• Average Customer Review: 2.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (1 customer review)
• Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #1,248,700 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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This review is from: The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi Economic War Against the Jews: The Expropriation of Jewish-Owned Property (Hardcover)

Few moments in history are as riveting as the Nazi period during the first half of the Twentieth Century; this, combined with the work of an history professor at Princeton University, the reader would be hard pressed for disappointment. However, in spite of the author's qualifications and research, that is precisely what the reader gets in "The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi Economic War against the Jews."

Mr. James has opted for a very matter of fact, mathematical formula to present several cases in which Deutsche Bank "helped" Aryanize Jewish owned businesses in Germany, and German occupied territories during World War II; this was part of the Nazi mentality to eliminate all Jews and their perceived influence from German society. Unfortunately, as the author points out, this book "...does not systematically deal with the behavior in regard to the exploitation of forced and slave labor of some of the large enterprises (such as IG Farben or Daimler-Benz) to which Deutsche Bank gave credits." (Author's Preface, p.x) The inclusion of this information, detailing the similarities or differences in the Bank's treatment of its Aryan and non-Aryan (Jewish) clientele, may have helped the publication's effort in explaining Deutsche Bank's role and willingness to be part of the process.

"Deutsche Bank ...compiled a central list of 700 firms, of which 200 were sold by July and 260 by the end of August 1938." (p. 64) This means that Deutsche Bank averaged 7.6 transactions per day in just two months. More intriguing is a "draft letter" in the bank's files which in part reads, "...the supreme authorities in the Reich are currently discussing the idea of a complete solution of the non-aryan problem in the economy." (p. 64) Unfortunately, there is no convincing explanation to justify why the Bank would compile such a list, nor who the author of this "draft letter" is, his level of employment, or how this bank official knew of the plans for "a complete solution," or the relationship of this phrase ("complete solution") to "the final solution." Furthermore, no where in the book is there a clear and convincing explanation for the bank's pursuit of businesses to Aryanize, or its willingness to endorse and to participate in the process. This is very relevant when one considers that the Jewish population in Germany was approximately 550,000, and in "...1932, there had been approximately 100,000 Jewish-owned firms in Germany....Many of the larger firms survived until 1938, in part because their disappearance would have jeopardized Germany's recovery from unemployment and depression." (p. 47)

Being objective, as most historians would prefer to be viewed, is not the issue; Mr. James also presents some of the negative aspects of Deutsche Bank' dealings with the Jews. The problem with Mr. James' formula is that once the process has been presented one or two times, it does not matter how many more Jewish businesses were Aryanized; the process and the results are more or less the same in all cases, only the names of some of the participants change. In those instances where the events are more complex, Mr. James forgets that the general public is not as familiar with the omitted details, their history, nor as familiar with the players, as he is: he is an historian and had access to the bank's archives. The result is that this publication is peppered with names and events which are devoid of any human aspect or hope of redemption, or punishment. The localities become irrelevant as there is no numerical point of comparison with the Jewish population--how many Jews lived in the area, and how this take-over affected them? Certainly, if there was a large Jewish population in a particular locality, this would have been devastating, as no one but a Jew was permitted to hire Jew; once the businesses were Aryanized all source of employment for Jews disappeared. There is no indication, either, on whether this Aryanization was beneficial to the non-Jewish population, or whether there were enough people to replace the unemployed or deported Jews.

The financial figures quoted are just as useless: there is no relationship to the inflation values of the times, or of today, and the figures are variously given without explanation in RM (Reich Marks), DM (Deutsche Marks, after the war), Dollars, CHF (Swiss Frank), etc. In the end, there is no value in quoting the different figures in Dollars or Sterling Pounds; being that most of the businesses were in Germany, or in the case of those businesses in occupied territories, their real value was in the profits generated for Deutsche Bank and/or the Nazi government, both of which dealt in Reich Marks--and the author neglects to discuss this.

There is no personal glimpse at the Jewish anguish over the loss of their self respect, and financial security; much less of the loss of their hopes and dream of what it meant for them to be German and part of the German psyche--in other words, the effect of the bank's Aryanization actions on innocent people, whose only crime was that they were not of "pure blood." There is no empathy or sympathy to be elicited for those whose struggles created major banking, publishing, and retail empires; more importantly, and understandably so, because this publication deals only with the involvement of Deutsche Bank in the Aryanization process, there is no mention of the many other Jews whose small businesses were wiped out by the Nazis. There is only the inevitable take over by an Aryan, and the end or elimination of the Jewish players. In some cases, we learn that survivors of the war began and won reparation suits against the German government, banks, and private individuals. But here again, the treatment of these cases is devoid of details and the result is similar to the Nazi mentality that created the problem: antiseptic, and clinical.

Herman Joseph Abs, Deutsche Bank's leading negotiator in the Araynization process, a "complex and important individual," (Author's Preface, p. ix) never comes alive, and outside of the obvious, one never really gets to know his inner thoughts, or his raison d'être.

The book itself is small, in size and pagination, and rather easily read in several sittings. The reader may find Mr. James' style of writing a bit awkward, unimaginative, repetitive, and prone to the malaise in modern writers of eliminating necessary punctuation marks.

"The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi Economic War against the Jews," though informative, and as previously mentioned, well researched, reads like what it is: a bank report financed by Deutsche Bank and one could add, for its own benefit. In the end, one is left asking the why, how, and what, of the bank's involvement; the very questions the book should have answered.

However true, the bank's involvement is summarily dismissed with, "...the question of how anti-Semitic or Nazi business people and bankers were is of little relevance in actually making assessments of their behavior. Personal identification with anti-Semitic beliefs is not a prerequisite for a willingness or even a desire to profit from discriminatory measures...." Had Deutsche Bank been forced into the process, one could see the logic in Mr. James' explanation; however, this was not the case and in fact, Deutstche Bank pursued and competed against other banks for Aryanization business and profit. This apology for Deustche Bank does not justify the lack of a convincing explanation for the Bank's actions.