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Overview of Methods For the student of Mandarin today, many learning tools are available, from simple word lists to sophisticated computer programs with voice-analyzing functions. All have one thing in common: they all require a massive amount of time because they are based on rote memorization. This book is the first to provide multiple short-cuts to learning Mandarin. The books short-cuts, more formally called "mnemonics," aid memory through clues to something unfamiliar in something familiar. For example, the phrase, "Mnemonics Neatly Eliminates Mans Only Nemesis---Insufficient Cerebral Storage," is a mnemonic for remembering how to spell "mnemonics." It is a type called an "acrostic," which uses the first letter of words in a phrase (something familiar) to identify another series of words (something unfamiliar). By far, most mnemonics are acrostics. For learning Mandarin, however, they have limited value because of the large number of Mandarin (pînyîn) syllables that begin with j, q, x, y, and z; absence of any that begin with i, u, or v; and few that begin with o. As the graphic below indicates, many other types of mnemonics can be applied to Mandarin. And rather than just being visual in nature, these mnemonics may provide clues that are visual, auditory, kinesthetic, or combinations of these modes of learning.