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Economic Gangsters: Corruption, Violence, and the Poverty of Nations [Hardcover]

Raymond Fisman , Edward Miguel
4.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (12 customer reviews)


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Book Description

September 2, 2008 0691134545 978-0691134543 1St Edition

Meet the economic gangster. He's the United Nations diplomat who double-parks his Mercedes on New York City streets at rush hour because the cops can't touch him--he has diplomatic immunity. He's the Chinese smuggler who dodges tariffs by magically transforming frozen chickens into frozen turkeys. The dictator, the warlord, the unscrupulous bureaucrat who bilks the developing world of billions in aid. The calculating crook who views stealing and murder as just another part of his business strategy. And, in the wrong set of circumstances, he might just be you.

In Economic Gangsters, Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel take readers into the secretive, chaotic, and brutal worlds inhabited by these lawless and violent thugs. Join these two sleuthing economists as they follow the foreign aid money trail into the grasping hands of corrupt governments and shady underworld characters. Spend time with ingenious black marketeers as they game the international system. Follow the steep rise and fall of stock prices of companies with unseemly connections to Indonesia's former dictator. See for yourself what rainfall has to do with witch killings in Tanzania--and more.

Fisman and Miguel use economics to get inside the heads of these "gangsters," and propose solutions that can make a difference to the world's poor--including cash infusions to defuse violence in times of drought, and steering the World Bank away from aid programs most susceptible to corruption.

Take an entertaining walk on the dark side of global economic development with Economic Gangsters.



Editorial Reviews

From Publishers Weekly

Starred Review. In this surprisingly spry read, authors and economics professors Fisman and Miguel tackle economic development issues in Africa, Asia and Latin America, beginning with the question: after decades of independence and billions in foreign aid, why are so many developing countries still mired in poverty? A big reason, they contend, is corruption. Looking at specific examples, Fisman and Miguel examine various methods and motives of corruption, how agencies counteract it, and what it means with regard to human nature and the fate of nations. Fascinating insights abound: the high correlation between UN diplomats' parking violations and corruption in the home country; the successful public shaming techniques used by Bogata's Mayor Antanas Mockus to reduce criminality; the drastic reduction in road building corruption resulting from Indonesia's simple statement that projects would be audited. Ultimately, Fisman and Miguel conclude that there's not enough verifiable, reproducible results to say whether poverty is intractable and corruption inevitable, or whether poor countries remain poor because they haven't received enough quality aid. Instead, they argue forcefully for more blind trials in economics research to evaluate various development approaches. This thorough, thoughtful guide to global corruption is an engaging, disarmingly upbeat read for fans of Freakonomics and Malcolm Gladwell.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Review

[S]mart and eminently readable . . . [F]isman and Miguel try to do for global poverty what [Steven] Levitt did for domestic economic issues. For example, they look at the way 'witches' are killed in Tanzania whenever rainfalls fail and food is scarce; it turns out that families try to save food by executing less-productive elderly women as witches. -- Nicholas Kristof, NYTimes.com's On the Ground blog

Columbia's Ray Fisman and Berkeley's Ted Miguel are two of the most creative and interesting economists I know. Each is driven to better understand just what keeps poor countries in poverty, and they are willing to try some pretty amazing research strategies to figure it out. They have traveled far and wide--both geographically and intellectually--and in their beautifully written book Economic Gangsters, they shine a well-honed statistical spotlight on the twin evils of corruption and violence. The book is a dead-set page turner, and there's nothing more fun than feeling like you are next to them as they travel the world in search of the scoundrels responsible for so much suffering. -- Justin Wolfers, Freakonomics blog

[Fisman and Miguel] avoid academic jargon and write for a general audience in explaining how economists study the problem of pervasive endemic poverty. . . . Reminiscent of other lighter looks at economics, e.g., Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner's Freakonomics and Tim Harford's The Undercover Economist, this book makes developmental economics both entertaining and accessible to a broad audience. -- Library Journal

Like many a good television sleuth (think Jessica Fletcher or Ellery Queen), [Fisman] is also an author, even if there the similarity ends. He has written Economic Gangsters and in it he and co-author Edward Miguel trace the steps oft eh corrupt using not DNA or forensic science but data and statistics. Theirs is a treatment to the truism that when you are looking for clues, follow the money. The book gives half a dozen examples of how data can be used to find corrupt behaviour, particularly in developing countries. -- Parminder Bahra, The Times (of London)

In this surprisingly spry read, authors and economics professors Fisman and Miguel tackle economic development issues in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, beginning with the question: after decades of independence and billions in foreign aid, why are so many developing countries still mired in poverty? . . . This thorough, thoughtful guide to global corruption is an engaging, disarmingly upbeat read for fans of Freakonomics and Malcolm Gladwell. -- PublishersWeekly.com

In their new book Economic Gangsters, authors Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel try to understand what motivates people to break the law, the consequences of their actions and the implications for prevention. Their effort stands out among many others for their cool-headed application of economic cost-benefit analysis to this shady human behavior. -- Shanghai Daily

Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel, two young rising stars of economics, apply the Freakonomics approach to the problems of development in their new book Economic Gangsters. It's a superbly crafted set of essays that raise the bar for clear, accessible pop-economics writing, and offers an excellent overview of recent research into the corruption, violence, and poverty that have long bedeviled the developing world. -- Bradford Plumer, The National

Freakonomics for the Third World. . . . So far this is sounding very much like Steven Levitt's and Stephen Dubner's Freakonomics: looking for an interesting data set with which to test a certain hypothesis, and indeed the basic approach is similar. The ambition, however, is rather grander. -- Tim Worstall, The Daily Telegraph

This book deserves wide readership. Some readers will come for the clever title and the cover's provocative silhouette of a machine-gun-wielding gangster. More, hopefully, will be drawn to the book by reviews like this one and the authors' important message. Economic Gangsters is topical and lively, as its cover suggests, but it is also deadly serious and deeply engrossing. Fisman and Miguel study perhaps the most important question of our day--why some countries grow and prosper while others are trapped in self-reinforcing cycles of violence, corruption, and poverty. -- Choice

This is sparkling stuff, and the story is enjoyably retold in Fisman and Miguel's slim new volume, Economic Gangsters. I recommend the book wholeheartedly; it is engaging and confidently written, and it describes research of genuine interest. . . . Economic Gangsters tackles two big 'institutional' problems of development economics--corruption and violence--through a series of vignettes based on research studying the value of political connections, smuggling between China and Hong Kong, the links between rainfall and civil war, witch killings in Africa, and rebuilding Vietnam after 'the American War.' -- Tim Harford, Reason

Analyses of crime and corruption tend, not surprisingly, to be long on description and short on empirical analysis. Statistics on amounts embezzled or number of people killed in a genocide lack precision, where they exist at all. [Economic Gangsters] sets out the clever use of the rare reliable statistics that are available to shed light on particular episodes of corruption or violence, and in particular on whether it is possible to design policies which change the incentives of those behaving in undesirable ways. . . . All in all, this is a very readable book which makes a fascinating contribution to the renaissance of careful empirical microeconomics applied to development. -- Diane Coyle, The Business Economist

Fisman and Miguel have turned out another economics tome, written in a friendly and engaging way, yet this one reeks of practicality. -- Sacremento Book Review

Many readers, including me, will applaud Economic Gangsters for its goal, style, method, and overarching message. . . . Its style is friendly and colloquial, inviting undergraduates and general readers to reconsider big questions about development and foreign aid. -- Robert Klitgaard, Economic Development and Cultural Change

Product Details

  • Hardcover: 250 pages
  • Publisher: Princeton University Press; 1St Edition edition (September 2, 2008)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0691134545
  • ISBN-13: 978-0691134543
  • Product Dimensions: 5.5 x 0.9 x 8.5 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 14.1 ounces
  • Average Customer Review: 4.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (12 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #695,253 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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Customer Reviews

4.0 out of 5 stars
(12)
4.0 out of 5 stars
The book is short and well written, I really recomend it. Sergio  |  2 reviewers made a similar statement
I read in Kindle format and would be pleased to do so again. Kirby  |  1 reviewer made a similar statement
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
17 of 17 people found the following review helpful
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
Eight years ago, as I crossed the Uganda-Kenya border, I was sequestered in a shack, interrogated, threatened with prison, and ultimately required to pay a bribe by border guards. After that harrowing experience, I returned to my hotel and recounted the story to the first friendly face I saw: my sympathetic colleague Ted Miguel. Ted and his colleague Ray spent the succeeding years studying violence and corruption in poor countries; and this sweet book is the latest fruit of those labors.

What can economics tell us about corruption and violence around the world? More, perhaps, than you'd expect. Ray and Ted use surprise changes in a dictator's health to measure the value of political connections in Indonesia, rainfall to capture the effect of recessions on violence in Africa, and tricks in the trade data to reveal smuggling. (That's not to mention the parking tickets - Chapter Four.) They present their clever research in surprisingly clear English, and they draw on the related research of other economists as well. They really know how to tell a story: I was captivated by the opening recounting of Kenyan author Ngugi's woes and delighted by the creative policy making of Antanas Mockus, mayor of Bogota.

It's hard not to compare popular economics books today to Freakonomics: Gangsters has the advantages of Ted and Ray's witty, pleasant voice, more of a thematic focus, and none of the self-adulation that took away some Freakonomics' shine.

Despite the focus on corruption and violence, ultimately the book is presenting a miscellany of work that is related but isn't (and perhaps cannot be) circumscribed into a larger theory. Occasionally I found myself wishing a central theory like you find in Malcolm Gladwell's books. But then again, those theories usually aren't convincing for exactly the reason that Ted and Ray don't have one: they are careful and big, broad theories are not. I really enjoyed the clear policy recommendation of Rapid Conflict Prevention Support in Chapter 6, and I look forward to more clear recommendations in the next book. Again, Ted and Ray are careful and tend not to recommend policies that don't have clear evidence to stand on. Not all scholars are comfortable laying out strong recommendations on limited evidence; two books by scholars who are more comfortable are The Bottom Billion and The End of Poverty. (As I recall, that's also the self-definition given by an economic hit man!) The main policy recommendation, ultimately, is more evidence-based policy making, particularly randomized trials of development programs (but with a healthy view of the realistic scope for these kinds of trials).

This book won't just show you that economists can be clever (although it will show you that): It shows that economics, cleverly applied, can illuminate some of the most intractable development problems of our time. I strongly recommend it. And if you don't trust me, Publishers Weekly said that in this "surprisingly spry" read, "fascinating insights abound" [1]. Take it from both of us and learn something.

[1] Publishers Weekly, 6 October 2008.
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8 of 8 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Political Economy of Conflict Goes Mainstream November 14, 2008
By Kirby
Format:Hardcover
A few years back, economists Ray Fisman (Columbia University) and Edward Miguel (University of California, Berkeley) caught the attention of the global media and the United Nations with their study of diplomats' unpaid parking tickets. At the time, diplomatic immunity allowed representatives to the international body to park in violation of city traffic codes, racking up fines. Fisman and Miguel looked at the list of traffic violations for UN plates over several years. They found that diplomats from some nations such as Canada and Ireland behaved themselves, parking lawfully and paying any tickets, while others such as Kuwait and Chad exploited their power, sometimes in ostentatious ways. Why? The ticket behavior, the economists suggested, is a proxy indicator for the intersection of culture and corruption.

Now, in their recently published book, Economic Gangsters: Corruption, Violence, and the Poverty of Nations, Fisman and Miguel extend their corruption lens to the problems of conflict and development. They look for economic causes of conflict such as water scarcity or food crises to help explain everything from civil wars to witch trials. They ask whether more money or better governance is the key to economic growth for Africa, concluding that--although corruption and economic abuse is a key challenge to development--it won't really be possible to answer the big questions of the field until there is better quality, more scientific evaluation of the results of aid projects.

Economic Gangsters is a pleasurable and fast read, written for a popular audience who may or may not know the context of the work. For development specialists familiar with the writings of Jeffrey Sachs, William Easterly, and Paul Collier, the broad contents of the book will be familiar. As other reviewers pointed out, there is also a certain sense in which discussions of warlords and blood diamonds brush up against diplomats' parking tickets or randomized sampling without connections between the topics ever being delineated. On the whole, however, Fisman and Miguel's presentation feels fresh and dynamic. Even seasoned development practitioners are likely finish with a few new ideas inspired by the book's creative approach to cross-pollinating approaches and examples.

The book is available in print and in Amazon's Kindle e-reader format. The digital version suffers from occasional print type errors (for instance, writing budget as bud-get), but the charts and tables thankfully appear crisp and clear on the Kindle screen. I read in Kindle format and would be pleased to do so again.

Economic Gangsters deserves to be widely read. The authors' tone is friendly and simple, approachable even. This is important, given the complexity and high stakes of the issues at hand. Indeed, the economics of conflict and corruption need to be more widely understood if donor countries' policy making is going to be improved. Yet, one finishes reading this book on the topics of war, poverty, suffering, crime, and interventionist failure feeling not overwhelmed, but rather empowered--equipped with intellectual tools for making the world better, little by little.
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10 of 12 people found the following review helpful
3.0 out of 5 stars Clever at points, but not consistently valuable December 31, 2008
Format:Hardcover
I started off thinking that maybe this book's title should be Gather Ye Data Where Ye May. It starts with a couple neat chapters where the authors try to measure various hidden variables -- how much one company's fortunes depend on connections to a dictator, say, or how much gets smuggled into a particular country. You can get a reasonable measure of smuggling by counting exports from one country and imports into another. The authorities only tax you on the way in, not on the way out, so you have every incentive to lie on the import forms and tell the truth about your exports. If 10,000 BMWs leave Hong Kong destined for China, and only 9,000 arrive in China having been shipped from Hong Kong, you can guess that about 1,000 BMWs were smuggled out of Hong Kong into China. Perhaps they were creatively relabeled `Hyundai,' thereby carrying a much smaller tariff burden.

The authors dig a bit deeper into the numbers and point out a loophole that nations ought to fill if they want to modernize their system of duties: give similar products similar tariffs. One example here is amusing: a "boring/milling machine -- numerically controlled" used to get a 10% tariff on its way into China, whereas a "boring/milling machine -- other" got a 20% tariff. People have every incentive to claim that their boring/milling machine -- other is actually a boring/milling machine -- numerically controlled. The closer the products are in appearance, the easier it is for importers to pass off the one as the other and evade the higher tariff. (The authors give us a thought experiment, wherein chickens and turkeys come in for different tariffs. I only wish this were real. It would make me smile.)

Next the authors ask: is there any way to measure how corrupt a nation is? They find a smirk-worthy means of measurement: look at how often diplomats pay their parking tickets. Diplomats, you'll remember from the Lethal Weapon movies, can wave diplomatic immunity around anything and magically get off scot-free. This includes parking violations. So find some place where a large number of diplomats congregate and see whether they pay their tickets even though they don't have to. As it happens, the UN fits the bill: New York City keeps detailed records about which ambassadors received citations, which nations they represent, how much they were fined, and whether they paid the bill. From this, Fisman and Miguel get a rough measure of corruption, which they can try to connect to other measures like the World Bank's.

Don't think for a moment that I take this particularly seriously, by the way. The "parking metric" is a rough measure, at best, of what you'd do if you knew no one was looking. What's vexing, then, is that the authors seem to take it quite seriously indeed. 40% further on in the book, we see Fisman and Miguel writing about Africa's history of extractive industries feeding nothing back to their people, "To the extent that stealing parking spots in New York City really is correlated with stealing government funds, Chad is in for trouble." This example just doesn't do much at all of the heavy lifting that they expect it to. The authors seem surprised that other researchers could have accomplished much without parking data: "Even without hearing of the wanton parking habits of Chad's diplomats, donor organizations were fully aware of the endemic corruption in Chad's government ...".

So maybe, goes the implication, nations remain poor because their people are fundamentally corrupt. Or maybe not: the next chapter considers the possibility that domestic instability -- civil wars, particularly -- result from drought. That is: the rain stops falling, and the only available work is in a gang. Not a terribly controversial idea. The authors' approach is novel: send in the peacekeepers when drought makes war look likely. Get a rapid-response team to stop wars before they start. There are unexpected curiosities here: during droughts, there's more witch-burning, and the witches tend to be old women. The authors speculate that this might be the survival instinct disguised as superstition: old women consume more resources, so they have to be the first to go. The policy response they propose here is old-age pensions: turn the women into village assets, rather than liabilities.

We might label the connection among all of these "discovering the economic gangster in all of us": under what circumstances would we become corrupt or join a militia or burn a "witch"? How bad would the world around us have to get? And how do we use this knowledge of human self-interest to prevent disaster? Economic Gangsters is a slight introduction to these questions, and didn't really feel solid enough to justify the time. I suspect there's a better book on the same topic out there.
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Most Recent Customer Reviews
5.0 out of 5 stars Excelent Book
Both for economist and non-economist this is an excelent book that gives you a great look over what development economics deals with and what are some of the tools that it uses to... Read more
Published 2 months ago by Sergio
5.0 out of 5 stars Unique thought process on risk
I have been a long-time follower of Prof. Fisman's articles and papers, and they have been incredibly helpful in framing my risk process. Read more
Published 8 months ago by dgkzer
5.0 out of 5 stars No Silver Bullet
These two authors have come together to provide the reader with a nuanced and complicated view of development. Mainly, because development is complicated. Read more
Published 16 months ago by Paul Johnson
1.0 out of 5 stars Not ready for prime time
I bought this as an intro to economic crimes and was quite disappointed. The author addresses the topic by examining a variety of cases from different nations. Read more
Published 17 months ago by Earthling
3.0 out of 5 stars A good primer on method and data collection
The most intriguing aspect of this well written book by two academic development economists is their discussion of the methods and materials they and other economists used in... Read more
Published on August 24, 2010 by Edward Waffle
5.0 out of 5 stars Investigative economists on the trail of gangsters
Behavioural economists have been bringing us a lot of interesting books recently, and this book continues that trend. Read more
Published on April 6, 2010 by John Gibbs
3.0 out of 5 stars Interesting research but could use a more thorough treatment
I enjoyed this book and I think the research is compelling. Aside from a chapter in the middle of the book that veers inexplicably into Bush-bashing, Economic Gangsters is well... Read more
Published on November 30, 2008 by Mom of three
3.0 out of 5 stars Interesting but not sparkling...
[Originally published at my blog, [...]

I read this book recently. The authors (Ray Fisman and Ted Miguel) are development economists at big schools (Columbia and UC... Read more
Published on November 18, 2008 by David Zetland
5.0 out of 5 stars Incentives matter--to gangsters too
As Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel explain at the beginning of their book, there are two main currents of thinking among those who opine on the wisdom of foreign aid: the "poverty... Read more
Published on October 6, 2008 by Nicole
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