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Evolution - the Extended Synthesis [Paperback]

Massimo Pigliucci , Gerd B. Müller
4.4 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (5 customer reviews)

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Book Description

March 26, 2010 0262513676 978-0262513678 New edition

In the six decades since the publication of Julian Huxley's Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, the spectacular empirical advances in the biological sciences have been accompanied by equally significant developments within the core theoretical framework of the discipline. As a result, evolutionary theory today includes concepts and even entire new fields that were not part of the foundational structure of the Modern Synthesis. In this volume, sixteen leading evolutionary biologists and philosophers of science survey the conceptual changes that have emerged since Huxley's landmark publication, not only in such traditional domains of evolutionary biology as quantitative genetics and paleontology but also in such new fields of research as genomics and EvoDevo. Most of the contributors to Evolution -- The Extended Synthesis accept many of the tenets of the classical framework but want to relax some of its assumptions and introduce significant conceptual augmentations of the basic Modern Synthesis structure--just as the architects of the Modern Synthesis themselves expanded and modulated previous versions of Darwinism. This continuing revision of a theoretical edifice the foundations of which were laid in the middle of the nineteenth century--the reexamination of old ideas, proposals of new ones, and the synthesis of the most suitable--shows us how science works, and how scientists have painstakingly built a solid set of explanations for what Darwin called the "grandeur" of life.Contributors John Beatty, Werner Callebaut, Jeremy Draghi, Chrisantha Fernando, Sergey Gavrilets, John C. Gerhart, Eva Jablonka, David Jablonski, Marc W. Kirschner, Marion J. Lamb, Alan C. Love, Gerd B. Müller, Stuart A. Newman, John Odling-Smee, Massimo Pigliucci, Michael Purugganan, Eörs Szathmáry, Günter P. Wagner, David Sloan Wilson, Gregory A. Wray


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Editorial Reviews

Review

"The essays in this volume provide ample food for thought, and from all the major food groups! The Modern Synthesis in evolutionary theory, and what lies beyond, are assessed here from multiple angles. This book will greatly interest evolutionary biologists and philosophers of evolutionary biology alike."--Elliot Sober, Hans Reichenbach Professor and William F. Vilas Research Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin-Madison



"An impressive and provocative overview; it should become the focus of semester-long graduate student reading groups across the country, as it has at my home institution." Michael J. Wade BioScience

About the Author

Massimo Pigliucci is Professor of Philosophy at the City University of New York.

Gerd B. Müller is Professor of Theoretical Biology at the University of Vienna and Chairman of the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research. He is a coeditor of Origination of Organismal Form (MIT Press, 2003) and Modeling Biology (MIT Press, 2007).

Product Details

  • Paperback: 504 pages
  • Publisher: The MIT Press; New edition edition (March 26, 2010)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0262513676
  • ISBN-13: 978-0262513678
  • Product Dimensions: 6 x 1 x 9 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 1.4 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
  • Average Customer Review: 4.4 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (5 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #296,632 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

More About the Author

Massimo Pigliucci is a Professor of Philosophy at the City University of New York. His research is concerned with philosophy of science, the relationship between science and philosophy, and the nature of pseudoscience.

He received a Doctorate in Genetics from the University of Ferrara in Italy, a PhD in Botany from the University of Connecticut, and a PhD in Philosophy from the University of Tennessee. He has published over a hundred technical papers and several books. Prof. Pigliucci has been awarded the prestigious Dobzhansky Prize from the Society for the Study of Evolution. He has been elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science "for fundamental studies of genotype by environmental interactions and for public defense of evolutionary biology from pseudoscientific attack."

In the areas of outreach and critical thinking, Prof. Pigliucci has published in national magazines such as Skeptic, Skeptical Inquirer, Philosophy Now, and The Philosopher's Magazine, among others. He has also been elected as a Consultant for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Pigliucci pens the "Rationally Speaking" blog (rationallyspeaking.org), and co-hosts the Rationally Speaking podcast.

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24 of 25 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars 21st Century Biology: The Story Begins July 20, 2010
By Sena
Format:Paperback|Amazon Verified Purchase
Massimo Pigliucci in his introduction to this book makes it clear that the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis is a provisional one subject to modification in the light of further discoveries in the field which are coming thick and fast. The accusation of cowardice made by the previous reviewer is therefore, I think, unjustified.

As a non-specialist reader with a basic background in biology there were a number of concepts in this book which I found hard to comprehend. What I enjoyed in this book was coming across startling new ideas which spurred me to further reading. As an example I shall mention the article by Eva Jablonka of Tel Aviv University. She questions one of the traditional tenets of evolutionary theory, that the targets of natural selection are individual organisms. Since the bodies of humans and other higher animals contain symbionts and parasites that are transferred from one generation of the host to the next, she quotes the ideas of Zilber-Rosenberg who suggests that it may be necessary to consider such communities (of the human organism and its symbiotic bacteria) as targets of selection.

When I searched for more information on this topic, I found that a developing idea was that humans are now being considered as superorganisms with two genomes that dictate phenotype, the genetically inherited human genome (25,000 genes) and the environmentally acquired human microbiome (over 1 million genes). There is now evidence that one function of these microbes in the gut is to process certain components of the diet and enable the deposition of this extracted energy in host fat depots. This would have been beneficial in the course of evolution when our ancestors did not have reliable access to food supplies, but may now contribute to unhealthy obesity.

Pigliucci and other contributors state that the gene-centric approach of traditional evolutionary theory is being increasingly challenged. The developing view is that rather than consider the gene as the main or sole unit of evolution, the cell, the individual organism, or groups of organisms could be the units of natural selection in various circumstances. Fernando and Szathmary quote the view of Maynard Smith that units of evolution must multiply, show heredity across generations, and heredity should not be exact. This characterization of Darwinian dynamics is deliberately general; it is not restricted to cover living systems only. They describe their computer models of the neuronal replicator hypothesis, which suggests that groups of neurons in the brain are selected according to their "fitness", leading to the "evolution" of optimal functioning.

David Sloan Wilson argues that between-group selection became the primary driving force for the evolution of human beings from primate species. He notes that (a) extant human human hunter-gather societies are fiercely egalitarian and, (b) humans are incomparably better at throwing projectiles than other primates, and infers a connection between these two observations. He suggests that throwing could be used to suppress bullying and other domineering behavior within groups, resulting in better co-operation within the group and consequently enhanced fitness.

This book will, I think, become essential reading for undergraduates and researchers in the field, and also of considerable interest to the general reader.
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13 of 13 people found the following review helpful
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Some readers, new to the issues surrounding Evolution perhaps, may wonder if there is a need for an overhaul of Evolutionary Theory. In short, the answer is yes. For example, early in 2010, Jerry Fodor and Massimo Piatelli-Palmarini, published a book entitled, What Darwin Got Wrong. There view was roughly that, "We thought we'd best make clear from the outset, because our main contention in what follows will be that there is something wrong - quite possibly fatally wrong - with the theory of natural selection; and we are aware that, even among those who are not quite sure what it is, allegiance to Darwinism has become a litmus for deciding who does, and who does not, hold a `properly scientific' world view." Indeed, if one were to believe what Fodor/Piatelli-Palmarini argue, Darwinism would seem to be "dead in the water."

Thankfully, we can all breathe easy with the release of, Evolution - The Extended Synthesis; "Under the heading "Extended Synthesis" this volume represents a broad survey of key ideas in this multifaceted research program, and a first look at an expanded theory of evolution as a work-in-progress. We have gathered some of the most prominent authors who have been writing about new directions in evolutionary biology and asked them to explain where they think the field is headed, and how the new concepts square with the Modern Synthesis's view of what evolution is." To be sure, this is actually a very exciting time to be reading about the field of Evolutionary Theory because, "The overcoming of gradualism, externalism, and gene centrism [a la Richard Dawkins' The Selfish Gene: 30th Anniversary Edition--with a new Introduction by the Author] are general hallmarks of the Extended Synthesis, whether in the forms presented here or in various other accounts to a similar effect published since the late 1990's. The editors and authors of this volume offer this extended view of evolutionary theory to the scientific community as, we hope, much food for thought and a stimulus for constructive discussions."

In sum, the selections in this volume represent the most recent research into Evolutionary Theory; there are only a handful of scientists working on these issues presently. This is great for the lay reader because there are so few books advancing the views presented in this collection that there is ample time to read through the literature. I recommend starting with this book, Evolution - The Extended Synthesis. Some other books in this area are: Evolution and the Levels of Selection, Darwin's Conjecture: The Search for General Principles of Social and Economic Evolution, Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life (Life and Mind: Philosophical Issues in Biology and Psychology), and The Evolutionary World: How Adaptation Explains Everything from Seashells to Civilization.
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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Evolution - Extended Synthesis March 11, 2013
Format:Paperback|Amazon Verified Purchase
This is an important addition and update from Julian Huxley's Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. It is a scholarly text not a reading book. I am struck that this book, which sets itself beside Huxley's masterpiece has little of the breadth and vision displayed by Huxley. Huxley's book is by a very wide margin better written and its topics and issues better thought through, by a scientist who clearly had a complete grip of his subject. The subject matter has advanced very considerably indeed since Huxley's 1942 tome (and even since the 1974 updates) and Evolution - the Extended Synthesis is a solid and essential addition in my opinion (though not in the opinion of all experts in this field).

The problem the extended synthesis has is in being written by numerous authors it suffers from not having the single expansive viewpoint of that giant of evolutionary thinking, Huxley. The other problem for me is that it does not do much to fill in the massive gaps that are overdue to be eloquently and thoroughly filled from the considerable scientific advances; it seems to jump into today's world. A big big jump from 1942. Maybe no one writes the kind of science that Huxley wrote. But with the controversy that ignorance of evolution (and biology in general) creates in today's body politic - probably about the same as in Darwin's world - I'd love to see the editors attempt a more thoroughly conceived treatise.
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