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Fixing My Gaze: A Scientist's Journey Into Seeing in Three Dimensions
 
 
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Fixing My Gaze: A Scientist's Journey Into Seeing in Three Dimensions [Hardcover]

Susan R. Barry (Author), Oliver Sacks (Foreword)
4.9 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (39 customer reviews)


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Book Description

May 26, 2009

When neuroscientist Susan Barry was fifty years old, she took an unforgettable trip to Manhattan. As she emerged from the dim light of the subway into the sunshine, she saw a view of the city that she had witnessed many times in the past but now saw in an astonishingly new way. Skyscrapers on street corners appeared to loom out toward her like the bows of giant ships. Tree branches projected upward and outward, enclosing and commanding palpable volumes of space. Leaves created intricate mosaics in 3D. With each glance, she experienced the deliriously novel sense of immersion in a three dimensional world.

Barry had been cross-eyed and stereoblind since early infancy. After half a century of perceiving her surroundings as flat and compressed, on that day she was seeing Manhattan in stereo depth for first time in her life. As a neuroscientist, she understood just how extraordinary this transformation was, not only for herself but for the scientific understanding of the human brain. Scientists have long believed that the brain is malleable only during a “critical period” in early childhood. According to this theory, Barry’s brain had organized itself when she was a baby to avoid double vision – and there was no way to rewire it as an adult. But Barry found an optometrist who prescribed a little-known program of vision therapy; after intensive training, Barry was ultimately able to accomplish what other scientists and even she herself had once considered impossible.

A revelatory account of the brain’s capacity for change, Fixing My Gaze describes Barry’s remarkable journey and celebrates the joyous pleasure of our senses.
 



Editorial Reviews

From Publishers Weekly

Barry, a neuroscientist at Mount Holyoke College, was born with her eyes crossed and literally couldn't see in all three dimensions. Barry underwent several surgeries as a child, but it wasn't until she was in college that she realized she wasn't seeing in 3-D. The medical profession has believed that the visual center of the brain can't rewire itself after a critical cutoff point in a child's development, but in her 40s, with the help of optometric vision therapy, Barry showed that previously neglected neurons could be nudged back into action. The author tells a poignant story of her gradual discovery of the shapes in flowers in a vase, snowflakes falling, even the folds in coats hanging on a peg. After Barry's story was written up in the New Yorker by Oliver Sacks, she heard from many others who had successfully learned to correct their vision as adults, challenging accepted wisdom about the plasticity of the brain. Recommended for all readers who cheer stories with a triumph over seemingly insuperable odds. Photos, illus. (June)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Review

From the foreword by Oliver Sacks

Fixing My Gaze is a beautiful description and appreciation of two very distinct ways of seeing… But it is also an exploration of much more. Sue is at pains not only to present her story, in clear and lucid, often poetic, language, but also, as a scientist, to provide understanding and explanation. She is in a unique position to do this, drawing on both her personal experience and her background as a neurobiologist….

Though Sue originally thought her own case unique, she has since found a number of other people with strabismus and related problems who have unexpectedly achieved stereo vision through vision therapy. This is no easy accomplishment. It may require not only optical corrections (proper lenses or prisms, for example), but very intensive training and learning—in effect, learning how to align the eyes and to fuse their images, and unlearning the unconscious habit of suppressing vision which has been occurring perhaps for decades. In this way, vision therapy is directed at the whole person: it requires high motivation and self-awareness, and enormous perseverance, practice and determination, as does psychotherapy, for instance, or learning to play the piano. But it is also highly rewarding, as Sue brings out. And this ability to acquire new perceptual abilities later in life has great implications for anyone interested in neuroscience or rehabilitation, and, of course, for the millions of people who, like Sue, have been strabismic since infancy.

Sue's case, and many others, suggest that if there are even small islands of function in the visual cortex, there may be a fair chance of reactivating and expanding them in later life, even after a lapse of decades, if vision can be made optically possible. Cases like these may offer new hope for those once considered incorrigibly stereo-blind. Fixing My Gaze will offer inspiration for anyone in this situation, but it is equally a very remarkable exploration of the brain's ability to change and adapt, and an ode to the fascination and wonder of the visual world, even those parts of it which many of us take for granted.”



Temple Grandin, author of Thinking in Pictures
“Essential reading for people interested in the brain.”

Eric Kandel, Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine; author of In Search of Memory
Fixing My Gaze is a magical book, at once poetic and scientific, that holds out great hope for all of us. Here Susan Barry recounts her discovery that through training she could acquire, in adulthood, the three dimensional vision she lacked in all her early years. Barry, an excellent brain scientist, illustrates through her personal experiences and the fascinating science of vision that the brain is a marvelously plastic organ that can continue to change its wiring and thereby its function throughout our adult life.”

David H. Hubel, Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine; John Franklin Enders Professor of Neurobiology, Emeritus, Harvard Medical School
“It had been widely thought that an adult, cross-eyed since infancy, could never acquire stereovision, but to everyone’s surprise Barry succeeded. In Fixing My Gaze, she describes how wonderful it was to have, step-by-step, this new 3-D world revealed to her. And as a neurobiologist she is able to discuss the science as an expert, in simple language."

Brock and Fernette Eide, authors of The Mislabeled Child
“Beautifully written, deeply informative, and profoundly inspiring…Fixing My Gaze will appeal to anyone interested in the beauty of the nervous system, and should be required reading for every person involved with the education, behavior, and development of children.”

Michael Chorost, author of Rebuilt: How Becoming Part Computer Made Me More Human
“Fascinating and moving....Barry shows us that with healthy eyes and the simplest of tools, we can see the world in an entirely new way. Fixing My Gaze made me wonder: What new things could any of us see, if only someone told us it was possible?”

Dr. Leonard J. Press, Optometric Director, The Vision & Learning Center
“Barry’s story is seemingly about stereovision, but the depth she probes goes well beyond three dimensions. No one reading her fascinating account will ever look at vision the same way again.”

Richard L. Gregory, editor of The Oxford Companion to the Mind
“It is rare to gain stereoscopic vision if born without it, but Susan Barry reveals that it happened to her. Fixing My Gaze is the engaging story of her unusual adventure.”

Nigel Daw, Professor Emeritus of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Yale University; author of Visual Development
“Magnificent...It is not yet clear what percentage of patients may be like Barry, but Fixing My Gaze will encourage eye care practitioners to go ahead and find out, with definite benefits to their patients. Moreover, the book is fascinating reading.”

Publishers Weekly
“Barry tells a poignant story of her gradual discovery of the shapes in flowers in a vase, snowflakes falling, even the folds in coats hanging on a peg…. Recommended for all readers who cheer stories with a triumph over seemingly insuperable odds.”

Discover magazine
“Barry’s buoyant journey into stereovision is an eye-popping ride.”

Booklist
“An exemplary and informative testimony to the probably lifelong plasticity of the brain.”

SeedMagazine.com
“Barry’s transformation captures the sometimes-indescribable nature of perception…. Her tour of the science behind her experience underlines the amazing precision of our senses – and how easily we can take them for granted.”

BookPage
“A testament both to human physiology and spirit that permits someone to live with – and then change – a uniquely altered view of the world…. This book opens up the possibility that people can change their physical limitations, and that it is never too late to try.”

Optometry & Vision Development
“This book is a marvelous ode to what can be accomplished when doctor and patient encourage one another to aim higher and further.”

New England Journal of Medicine
“One axis of [Barry’s] book is a graceful and grateful appreciation of a newly acquired ‘ability to see the volume of space between objects and to see each object as occupying its own space’ – revelations that allowed her to live ‘among’ and ‘in’ the things of this world and gave her first movements of snow falling, trees branching, and a faucet arcing out of the sink…. The book’s main contribution, however, is exposing the wrong-headed dogma that acuity and binocular vision can be restored only during a critical developmental period.”

>Times Higher Education Supplement
“The book is a joy to read.”

Optometry and Vision Science
Fixing My Gaze provides a fascinating, informative, and beautifully written account of [Barry’s] acquisition of stereopsis after vision therapy at the age of 48 years…. Barry’s insights about her own vision provide wonderful insights into what it means to not have stereopsis, and the profound, life-changing effect of acquiring it.”

Stereo World
“In Fixing My Gaze, neuroscientist Susan Barry explains for the rest of us in fascinating detail just what a truly and completely ‘flat’ world is like to live in for 48 years.”

Nature Neuroscience
“[E]nticing…. [Barry] combine[s] a vivid and poetic account of her recovery with a detailed description of her treatment and the underlying science.”

The Journal of Clinical Investigations
“[A] fascinating account…. In addition to recounting her personal triumph, Barry clearly explains the visual and clinical science needed to understand the significance of this achievement…. [T]his engaging book will leave both readers knowledgeable in the field, as well as those just looking to understand something about the visual process, pondering what else there is left to see.”

Curled Up With A Good Book
“Barry’s book is great for anyone interested in learning more about the fascinating and complex biology of seeing, as well as those seeking hope and inspiration in overcoming a brain-centered disability thought to be incurable.”

Perception
“[C]ombines in an elegant way biography and science…. This is an excellent book.”


Product Details

  • Reading level: Ages 18 and up
  • Hardcover: 272 pages
  • Publisher: Basic Books; 1 edition (May 26, 2009)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0465009131
  • ISBN-13: 978-0465009138
  • Product Dimensions: 8.6 x 5.8 x 0.9 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 13.6 ounces
  • Average Customer Review: 4.9 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (39 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #274,310 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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Most Helpful Customer Reviews
46 of 49 people found the following review helpful
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
Do you have depth perception, that visual ability to judge what is closer and farther away?

If you are reading this review, the answer is yes. From the time of the Renaissance, artists have made use of cues for depth to endow their canvases with a sense of life: streets become narrower in the distance; subjects that are closer are also larger and overlap those that are behind; there is the slightest haze in the distance, a subtle indistinctness of form, a difference in shadow. These devices trick the mind into perceiving depth whether we have one eye or two.

There is a second, more vivid form of depth perception, however, which requires the use of two eyes. To experience it, try the following experiment: Hold your hand at a forty-five degree angle to your face about ten inches in front of your eyes and spread apart your fingers. Closing one eye at a time, view the hand first with one eye, then the other. You'll find that each view is different, that the fingers have different separations depending on which eye you use. Next, open both eyes and see how your perspective changes, how the fingers seem now to be separated by more air, how there is an increased sense of space. This two-eyed form of depth perception is called stereopsis. Those individuals who have a "crossed" or "wall-eye" (strabismus), rather than combining the two views into a three-dimensional percept, typically see one of the views while ignoring the other.

Dr. Susan Barry, a neuroscientist, and the author of FIXING MY GAZE: a Scientist's Journey in Seeing in Three Dimensions was one such individual. Her eye crossed when she was three months old. Three surgeries between ages two and seven cosmetically straightened her eyes, but-as is frequently the case-the surgeries did not restore the brain's ability to combine the information from the two eyes. Sue's doctors, basing their opinions on the science of the day, assured her that she would never develop stereopsis.

The story of "Stereo Sue" regaining her depth perception at age 50 and astonishing the medical community was first told in a 2006 article by Oliver Sacks in a New Yorker. FIXING MY GAZE, however, is far more than a fleshing out the Sacks article. The book is a touching and sometimes lyrical tale of perseverance in overcoming obstacles. It's an excellent resource on Optometric Vision Therapy, the treatment through which Sue regained her vision. It's a wonderful overview of the science and neuroscience underlying the perceived changes. Most importantly, it's the best book ever written about how subjective experience changes during the journey from one-eyed to two-eyed seeing.

The story is completely accessible to nonscientists, the more technical discussions appearing in over fifty pages of endnotes, including copious references. As for who will benefit from or enjoy the book, there are many possible audiences: 1) Those who like well written success stories that also increase their understanding of the world. 2) Those who have ever had strabismus (a condition in which an eye turns in toward the nose or out towards the ear)-whether or not the condition has been "corrected" surgically. 3) The parents of those with strabismus.
4) Those who feel their own vision makes life more difficult. 5) Those with an interest in psychology or the brain. 6) Those doctors, whether ophthalmologists, optometrists or pediatricians, who profess to care for patients with strabismus. And finally (7), those who have pondered the topic of human consciousness: Sue, a neuroscientist, knew practically everything there was to know about stereopsis, but her world and joy of seeing changed profoundly when she experienced stereopsis. To share the excitement and insights of that change, read this outstanding book.
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25 of 26 people found the following review helpful
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
I ordered this new book just after meeting the inspirational Dr. Barry at this year's meeting of the Vision Sciences Society. The book arrived this last Friday and I spent the day reading it. I confess to be blown away by her story, as well as the scientific and clinical implications of her work. Add me to the list of people who loved the book!

Sue Barry's astonishing development of stereopsis at age 48 changed - profoundly - the way that many scientists (me included) view visual development and plasticity. Somehow we had tuned out, en masse, one hundred years of successes using vision therapy (including the extensive the work of Frederick Brock). The stuff of vision therapy was ignored, relegated to the fringes of sensible vision care. Instead, several generations of us took the Nobel Prize winning research of Hubel and Wiesel as gospel truth, going beyond the data by wrongly concluding (perhaps unlike the Nobel laureates) that stereopsis could only develop during a critical period during infancy. It took Barry, a well-established neuroscientist and keen observer, to bring us to our senses.

And yet now, having read her new book, I see that the story is much deeper and profound than I thought. First off, she's a very entertaining storyteller in her own right. The human drama escalated as she went through frightening surgeries as a child (including an encounter with a deceptive anesthesiologist); as she experienced shock and disappointment at being exposed as stereoblind; as she had her vision problems dismissed by one ophthalmologist as a psychiatric disorder; as she experienced steropsis bursting out at her for the first time; as she gained steam and knowledge, recognizing the scientific, clinical, and human implications of her story; as she brought celebrity neuroscientists on board. And so it is a story of empowerment for Barry the patient, Barry the scientist, Barry the teacher, and Barry the instiller of hope.

I believe that Susan Barry has demonstrated for many of us that stereopsis is, indeed, important. I, for instance, was trained to believe that binocular vision and any advantage it afforded us wasn't that big a deal. Sure, I loved stereo viewers and all that... But as an undergrad at Berkeley in the early `80s, I recall a visit by Bela Julesz, of cyclopean vision fame. Two of my academic heroes, Russ and Karen De Valois rose to challenge Julesz, eventually (as I recall) suggesting that two eyes really aren't that much better than one. As I read Barry's book, as well as her descriptions of the consequences of her visual deficit, I realized that my early academic training (as a I had encoded it) was quite wrong. The book makes it clear that lack of stereopsis, and having two eyes that don't fuse images properly, has profound consequences for people like Barry (e.g., her driving, her energy level, and her sense of efficacy). Moreover, it is fair to say that Barry is an extraordinary observer of stereoscopic experience, and that she uses her newfound, developing perceptual ability to achieve scientific and clinical insights that are elusive to us who grew up with normal stereopsis.

One of the epiphanies for me was when I read and grasped the following paragraph: "Just as I could not imagine a world in stereo depth, an individual with normal normal stereopsis cannot experience the worldview of a person who has always lacked steropsis. This may be surprising because you can eliminate clues from stereopsis simply by closing one eye. What's more, many people do not notice a great difference when viewing the world with one eye or two. When a normal binocular viewer closes one eye, however, he or she still uses a lifetime of past visual experiences to re-create the missing stereo information."

People interested in stereopsis will find excellent coverage of the basic issues and the key scientific figures past and present (e.g., Wheatstone, Hering, Helmholtz, Eileen Birch, Shin Shimojo, Denis Levi, Uri Polat, Chris Tyler). It is nice, if not surprising, to learn that the already positive, cool Oliver Sacks played a positive, cool role in Susan Barry's story.

If you have strabismus or some other disorder of binocular vision, you will find what you need here. You will find out how to find an appropriate vision therapist. You will find extensive, understandable information about the theory and science of binocular vision. More importantly, you will learn in marvelous detail about the experiences and practices that can in some instances lead to acquiring stereopsis late in life. My guess is that vision therapy patients will use this book as a guide for years to come.

One last thing: I recommend listening to two NPR interviews (2006, 2009) featuring Sue Barry, as well as other key scientific figures in the story, including Sacks, Hubel, Levi, and, briefly, the heroic Theresa Ruggiero. The NPR programs are available online and go quite well with the book.

Two thumbs up! (one with uncrossed disparity; one with crossed disparity).
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16 of 17 people found the following review helpful
Format:Hardcover
My 17 year old son, like Susan had three eye surgeries as a child and he does not have depth perception ("stereoblind"). "Fixing My Gaze" was a real "eye-opener" for me in understanding how he sees his surroundings, his choices in activities (ball toss sports are not his favorite...), and how he manages to determine depth when assembling models, driving, etc.

The book was very well written, easy to read, and has just the right mix of science and personal experiences. Since I could relate to the subject matter it was one of those few books that I didn't want to put down and I read it slowly so that I could savor it!

I can't wait for my son to read it (but it's off limits until he finishes his ACT/SAT tests in a few weeks!)

As a final endorsement, "Fixing My Gaze" is only the second book that I have thought highly enough to send copies to friends.

Thanks Susan!
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Most Recent Customer Reviews
Fixing my Gaze; Dr Sue Barry
I very much enjoyed this book. When a real expert on a topic sets out to write not a treatise for experts but an informative and entertaining book for the general reader the result... Read more
Published 5 months ago by DR
A fascinating story told with incredible enthusiasm.
I truly enjoyed this book. It teaches you about the way the brain works and develops while entertaining you with a wonderful story about how the author works to develop depth... Read more
Published 6 months ago by JJ
I did not know vision theory was not well known today
After meeting Sue Barry on email through Oliver Saks, we shared stories. I had had a lazy left eye that had become blind, had mono vision and extreme nearsightedness. Read more
Published 6 months ago by Nancy Pulaski
Great Book - Amazing Story!
This amazing story tells the struggles and triumphs of a woman who just wouldn't give in to incredible challenges or negative medical opinions. She is an inspiration to all. Read more
Published 8 months ago by Dr. Steven
An eye opening read
I found myself laughing and crying as I read this book. It was as if she had stepped into my shoes and was relaying my experiences. I am so grateful for this book.
Published 10 months ago by K. Mathews
Fixing My Gaze
Susan Barry takes us on her journey of obtaining binocular function through Vision Therapy, which enabled her to
see 3-D for the first time as an adult. Read more
Published 14 months ago by Lisa Knopp
Parents and Teachers/Counselors Should Read This Book
The vision problems identified by the author are not well known. The description of the author's first 3-D stero vision of the world was an eye opener for me. Read more
Published 15 months ago by Gerry Moultine
Neuromodulators, Binocular Depth Neurons, and Brain Plasticity, Oh My
A developmental optometrist recommended me read this book after he gave me an eye exam and talked with me about helping me with my strabismus, a condition that is the subject of... Read more
Published 17 months ago by G. Charles Steiner
Why no audio book?
I loved this book and ran over to Amazon to purchase it for my daughter-in-law who is legally blind, but I was frustrated to find that it isn't available in an audio format. Read more
Published 19 months ago by A. Gentilcore
A much needed book
This book finally brings to light how people with strabismus (and other conditions) see the world, and how they can start seeing in 3D. Read more
Published 20 months ago by Julio MacWilliams
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