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Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia
 
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Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia [Hardcover]

Christopher Bayly (Author), Tim Harper (Author)
4.2 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (5 customer reviews)

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Book Description

0674021533 978-0674021532 May 15, 2007 First Edition

In September 1945, after the fall of the atomic bomb--and with it, the Japanese empire--Asia was dominated by the British. Governing a vast crescent of land that stretched from India through Burma and down to Singapore, and with troops occupying the French and Dutch colonies in southern Vietnam and Indonesia, Britain's imperial might had never seemed stronger.

Yet within a few violent years, British power in the region would crumble, and myriad independent nations would struggle into existence. Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper show how World War II never really ended in these ravaged Asian lands but instead continued in bloody civil wars, anti-colonial insurrections, and inter-communal massacres. These years became the most formative in modern Asian history, as Western imperialism vied with nascent nationalist and communist revolutionaries for political control.

Forgotten Wars, a sequel to the authors' acclaimed Forgotten Armies, is a panoramic account of the bitter wars of the end of empire, seen not only through the eyes of the fighters, but also through the personal stories of ordinary people: the poor and bewildered caught up in India's Hindu-Muslim massacres; the peasant farmers ravaged by warfare between British forces and revolutionaries in Malaya; the Burmese minorities devastated by separatist revolt. Throughout, we are given a stunning portrait of societies poised between the hope of independence and the fear of strife. Forgotten Wars vividly brings to life the inescapable conflicts and manifold dramas that shaped today's Asia.

(20070425)

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Editorial Reviews

Review

Combining breathtaking, evocative narrative with razor-sharp historical analysis, Bayly and Harper provide a dramatic account of independent Asia's baptism of fire in the turbulent aftermath of the Second World War. They capture in vivid detail the euphoria and trauma that swept the crescent stretching from Calcutta to Singapore as Britain's Asian empire unraveled. This brilliant book is indispensable reading for anyone interested in the history of Britain, Asia and empire.
--Sugata Bose, author of A Hundred Horizons: the Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (20070701)

Like their earlier collaborative volume, Forgotten Armies, Bayly and Harper's new book presents a fascinating story of Britain's Asian empire in transition. Europeans, Americans, Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Burmese, Malays, Indonesians, and many others interacted as they sought to define anew the nature of empire, territory, and citizenship. There is no better way to understand the region's survival and emergence as a center of economic development and prosperity than to revisit the immediate postwar years under the expert guidance provided by Bayly and Harper.
--Akira Iriye, Professor of History Emeritus, Harvard University (20070813)

Forgotten Wars is an insightful and original look at the fate of Britain's Asian Empire in the wake of World War II. Engaging and provocative, the masterful discussion of the Malayan Emergency will be of interest to all concerned with the dilemmas presented by insurgencies in our contemporary world.
--Ronald Spector, author of In the Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Struggle for a Postwar Asia (20070809)

Historians Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper chronicle the ensuing struggles for Britain's Southeast Asian colonies in Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, the sequel to their much-praised history of Britain's Asian empire during World War II, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945. Primarily a diplomatic and political history rather than a military history, the new book focuses on the causes of armed conflict. After Japan's capitulation, Messrs. Bayly and Harper contend, Southeast Asia remained in a state of war for the same reasons it had entered into such a state: poverty, imperialism, and ethnic, religious, and ideological conflict. The authors have mined a very large number of sources. Most of their new historical unearthing can be found in the intricacies of Southeast Asian politics, which they describe in great detail and with careful nuance. Those deeply interested in the politics of Burma or Malaysia or other Southeast Asian countries will find much to delight them here.
--Mark Moyar (New York Sun 20070901)

Two years after their brilliant and vivid Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941-45, the Cambridge historians Bayly and Harper produce a sequel that examines Britain's conflicts in Southeast Asia in the four years after the Second World War. While adroitly analyzing Britain's hard-fought battle against insurrectionary forces in Malaya, the authors explore lesser-known episodes: Bengalese and Burmese skirmishes seldom highlighted in accounts of the Raj's end, and the British interregnums between the ends of the Japanese occupations of Indonesia and Vietnam and the restorations of the respective former colonial administrations. (The Atlantic 20080401)

Authoritative.
--Pankaj Mishra (New Yorker )

[A] compelling book...An extraordinary cast of characters populate Forgotten Wars...The authors write that "the end of empire is not a pretty thing if examined too closely," but when examined so ably it is certainly fascinating.
--Philip Delves Broughton (Wall Street Journal )

The authors are particularly good in their analysis of the problems of state building, on the one hand, and nation building, on the other. (Foreign Affairs )

Forgotten Wars movingly brings out the travails of ordinary people who got caught up within a vicious cycle of political turmoil, economic deprivation, and violence. This is a “must read” for those interested in histories of British imperialism and decolonization in Asia and those who would like an introduction to the comparative regional histories of nation-states in Southeast Asia after 1945.
--Haimanti Roy (Journal of British Studies )

This book is neither an old-fashioned “top down” history of imperial politics in the region, nor a regional “bottom up” account of nationalist resistance to European rule. Rather, it shows how British illusions about the nature of Britain’s power in Southeast Asia collided with Asian national movements. This book addresses an important phase of that tragic history, for which, as the authors show, Britain bore considerable responsibility.
--A. Martin Wainwright (American Historical Review )

About the Author

Christopher Bayly is Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History at University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of St. Catherine's College.

Tim Harper is a Senior Lecturer in History at University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Magdalene College.

Product Details

  • Hardcover: 704 pages
  • Publisher: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; First Edition edition (May 15, 2007)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0674021533
  • ISBN-13: 978-0674021532
  • Product Dimensions: 9.3 x 6.1 x 1.8 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 2.2 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
  • Average Customer Review: 4.2 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (5 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #1,102,983 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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8 of 8 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars Essential Reading, September 7, 2007
This review is from: Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia (Hardcover)
An excellent read, well written and apparently unbiased. The authors cover the return of British forces primarily in Burma and Malaya. Also covering the British military operations in Indochina and Indonesia and the events leading to the Partition of India.
The book covers a huge scope of much neglected history and should be read by anyone interested in this region. Especially the sections on Burma and Malaysia.
My only complaint is that the sections on each country ends with the departure of the British. I would have enjoyed reading a postscript of the politics of those countries after the end of military actions.
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5 of 7 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars One of the most important books, August 12, 2007
This review is from: Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia (Hardcover)
In this brilliant book the entire story of Post-War Asia is finally revealed. For sixty years the horrors of Post-War Asia have been largely ignored. Instead history of Asia after the war has focused on Vietnam, which only began in the 1950s with French involvement. This book wants to re-focus our attention on the other half billion people in India, Malaysia, Singapore, Burma(Myanmar) and Indonesia. This massive area came under British occupation following the war and immediately began to fall apart as old religious and ethnic rivalries came to the fore, communist insurgencies broke out and nationalism was on the rise.

The first part of the book examines the 'new Asia' that came into being following the surrender of Japanese forces in the region. Burma was the first country to experience problems as nationalists and others bucked for independence. In India Muslim-Hindu tensions began to flare. There was a 'second colonial conquest' underway in Indonesia and Malaysia and underneath it all the Communist party, so long underground, was re-emerging among many ethnic Chinese in Malaysia and Indonesia.

But what is most important in this book is the new understanding of ethnic-religious violence in the region. In India it was Hindu against Muslim that led to Partition in 1947 and the killing 1 million people in communal violence and the making of 17 million into refugees when Pakistan was cleansed of Hindus and Muslims fled the Punjab.

In Malaysia it became the rallying cry of "Malaya for the Malays" which meant Malaysia would be ethnically Malay and religiously Muslim, the Chinese, who were seen as Communists, would be ethnically-cleansed.

In Indonesia Islamic parties were also on the rise, alongside the nationalism of Sukarno. In Burma there was violence between ethnic-minorities such as the Karens in 1948. It also follows the emergence of Lee Kuan Hew and Singaporean moves towards independence from Malaysia, following anti-Chinese riots against the Chinese in Singapore. The British war in Malaysia would drag on until 1960.

This is a brilliant study of South and Southeast Asia and it means much for today. Too often this part of the world has been completely ignored and yet these countries form a fulcrum today between China and the West. Moreover modern Muslim insurgencies in Thailand and elsewhere are important to understand. The tragedy of this book is that it could not include enough information on Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia or Thailand.

Seth J. Frantzman
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4.0 out of 5 stars Good history of a forgotten period, June 26, 2010
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Tom Munro "tomfrombrunswick" (Melbourne, Victoria Australia) - See all my reviews
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This review is from: Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia (Hardcover)
Once South East Asia did not consist of countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Malaysia. Rather it was part of the British, Dutch or French Empire. These empires were rather repellent political systems. The mass of the population was poor and the local elite were co-opted by the imperial power. The nature of the system was autocratic. Education was limited to a narrow elite as no one wanted anyone to start challenging the system. Development was limited to a narrow range of export industries to boost the trade balance of he imperial power. Central to the whole exercise was racism that justified the system and in turn made it repellent. Possibly the system might have lasted longer but for the Japanese. The Japanese occupied much of South East Asia and tried to mobilize the local elites to strengthen their war effort. Suddenly all of these countries developed self-awareness, which in turn led to the evolution of nationalist movements. They also became a fertile ground for the spread of communism.

With the defeat of the Japanese the old imperial powers came back and tried to impose their old regimes. The forgotten wars of the title are the wars that started after 1945 as the old imperial order broke down.

Britain was willing to allow India independence, however it wanted to hang on to Malaya. At the end of the war Britain was desperate for foreign exchange as it was deeply in debt. Malaya was a wealthy colony that had high exports of tin and rubber. This led to a full-scale communist rebellion that was described at the time as "the emergency". The British were able to win but granted independence in the 60s.

The French of course lost their colonial war in Vietnam. The problem they faced was that China and Russia were able to supply the Vietnamese rebels with modern weapons.

The Dutch also fought to regain what was to become Indonesia. America however eventually pressured them into pulling out of the fight and allowing independence. The reason being that a continued war might have led firstly to the communists becoming the dominant arm of the independence movement. Secondly a communist led movement might have won and this would have been a disaster for the west. Far better to have independence when the communists were a minor ally.

The book is good as it explains in some detail how the Second World War created the seeds of change. It then describes the forces that led to de-colonization. Also the nature of the struggle is something which has been important in how the various new countries developed. Burma for instance was thrown almost immediately into a long civil war. This led to the dominance of the military which has plagued the country ever since. The role of the Chinese minority in the communist movement in Malaya led to a state in which racial identity is a key determinant in the working of the political system. All in all a very good book about and the old imperial system and its demise.

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