This historic book may have numerous typos, missing text, images, or index. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. 1894. Not illustrated. Excerpt: ... A. The Axial Skeleton. I. The Vertebral Column or "back bone." This is a bony tube which surrounds and protects the spinal cord; it consists of an anterior part which is divided transversely into nine rings or vertebrae, and a posterior unsegmented portion of about equal length--the urostyle. At the sides of the tube, between the successive vertebrae, are the intervertebral foramina through which the nerves pass out from the spinal cord to the various parts of the body. a. Structure of a vertebra. Examine one of the vertebrce, say the third, more closely: draw it, showing the following points: i. The vertebra is a bony ring; the spinal cord lying during life in the central neural canal. ii. The centrum or body is the thickened ventral por tion of the ring: it articulates with the centra of the vertebrae in front of and behind it; and forms the floor of the neural canal. iii. The neural arch consists of the lateral and dorsal portions of the ring; and forms the sides and roof of the neural canal. iv. The spinous process or neural spine is a small blunt median process, projecting upwards and backwards from the top of the neural arch. v. The transverse processes are a pair of large processes projecting horizontally outwards from the sides of the neural arch. vi. The articular processes or zygapophyses, on the anterior and posterior borders of the neural arch, articulate with corresponding processes on the vertebra in front and behind, and so serve to link the vertebrae together. a. The anterior articular processes, or prsezygapophyses, face upwards and slightly inwards. /3. The posterior articular processes, or postzygapophyses, face downwards and slightly outwards. b. Special vertebrae. i. The atlas or first vertebra articulates in front with the posterio...
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