Customer Reviews

The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives

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There are an awfully lot of good books on the economics of private ownership out there. What makes this one special is it really takes apart what has become the most underreported and underestimated side of inefficiency, and that is property being broken into units so small, they aren't of use anymore. This is important, for example, because it has hindered medical innovation, by forcing people to wait out a nearly endless stream of patents before developing a new drug to combat, say, alzheimer's.

Another big positive of the book is it's nice to give credit where credit is due, and Heller invented the study of this stuff. It's great to hear it right from the horse's mouth.

And, what is definitely most important, it is accessible to any audience. If you are just leaving high school and want to know a good collection of injustices created by capitalism run amok, you would want this book.

If you are a free-market economist (or a college econ student) and want to have a thorough understanding of this form of inefficiency, you would want this book.

But I think this book is best for people that look around and feel like the country has so much potential, so much brainpower, and technological ingenuity, and yet for some reason our economy is on life support. There are a lot of books that point fingers at the failures of officials, and businesses, and individuals, etc. This one not only defines problems but points to solutions, something you almost NEVER come across in popular reading today. A great read all around.

This book is a great introduction to a very interesting topic, written in a way that is easily accessible and understandable both for those in the legal field and those without any legal background at all. Heller skillfully takes readers on a journey through the many areas of life, both historical and contemporary, that are or have been affected by this concept of the anti-commons. Just a few examples include Heller's discussions about robber barons blocking travel through water channels by collecting tolls every few miles, to the difficulties of obtaining rights to music from numerous different owners to create rap songs with mixed samples, to the inhibitory effects on the development of medical treatments because of too many owners owning tiny bits of gene sequences. It is an eye-opening book, and one that everyone should read.

Michael Heller's Gridlock Economy is this year's must-read popular economics book. As reviewers at Slate, Time, and elsewhere have noted, Heller's book compares well to 2005's mega-hit Freakonomics, as well as Malcolm Gladwell's Blink, James Surowiecki's (of The New Yorker) The Wisdom of Crowds, and Chris Anderson's The Long Tail.

Gridlock Economy shares two important characteristics with those books: a compelling central organizing idea and great writing. The central organizing idea is that "too much ownership" can stifle economic innovation. By "too much ownership," Heller is referring to the kind of situation that arises with increasing frequency across all the key sectors of the new economy including biotechnology, software, computer hardware, music, movies, and finance. Our efforts to promote innovation by granting patents and copyrights (and other government-sponsored forms of intellectual property protection) can often come back to bite us.

Heller provides dozens of interesting examples across the entire range of the new economy. His lead example involves the difficulties that a researcher at a big drug company is having pursuing a promising cure for Alzheimers. To make headway, the researcher needs to purchase or license a host of patents held by a not small number of competitors. Our current patent system gives --for better and, in this case, for worse-- gives each patent holder involved the capacity to hold up this important research. If we're lucky an entrepreneurial "patent bundler" will come along and piece together the necessary patents and licenses. Meanwhile, we're stuck in Heller's gridlock.

This book arrives at a very auspicious moment. The key concept is that property ownership is not an unmitigated good, and, worse yet, it can lead to economic gridlock and underutilization of resources. In a rising economy, with property values going upward, this book would probably not sell too many copies; but in a declining market, with many homeowners stuck with adjustable mortgages greater than the value of their homes, the downside of property ownership is now more manifest.

Michael Heller teaches real estate law at Columbia University Law School and he is considered one of the foremost authorities on property law. In the current work, he discusses what he calls the tragedy of the anticommuns. The expression "tragedy of the commons" goes back as far as Aristotle, referring to the absence of individual property rights. Heller's "tragedy of the anticommons" refers to uncontrolled proliferation of individual rights, all clamoring for their own stake with total disregard for the common good. He correctly claims that too many property rights can strangle the market. This is an unpopular and inconvenient idea that runs counter to one of the most fundamental beliefs of capitalism.

Heller argues that property rights create gatekeepers. A gatekeeper is someone whose permission we need to get something done. Modern society is complex, and with more and more gatekeepers, the chances of getting things done becomes more difficult all the time. This sounds like commonsense, and economists have traditionally called this the burden of transaction costs. Heller's take on this issue is new and refreshing in that he creates a new vocabulary in describing it.

One of the examples Heller uses to illustrate his thesis is the gridlock that is taking place in the pharmaceutical industry. Many important drugs remain off the market because there are too many owners of patents all claiming rights to future profits.

Another example is the current mortgage crisis. In the old days when banks made loans and kept them on their books until they were paid off, ownership was clear and simple. Now, after loans have been repackaged and sold to investors many times over, ownership is multiple and no longer clear, making it virtually impossible to restructure them.

Although possibly trendy and definitely contrarian, this book does not give any solutions to the problem, other than understanding them better. Property rights are the cornerstone of capitalism as economists and philosophers since Adam Smith have argued, and as Heller himself argues. However, sometimes respecting everyone's rights strangles the economy and something needs to be done for the common good. This book is an interesting discussion of this dilemma.

If you want to understand and make use of a central puzzle at the heart of medical innovation, creative arts, telecomm (and many others), read Heller's new book. His key insight--in academic jargon known as the tragedy of the anti-commons--is that our old-fashioned ways of managing ownership frequently get in the way of creating wealth (and innovation) in the new economy.

Heller illustrates his observation--that in some cases there is such a thing as too much private property--with a jazillion well-researched examples that take you to the interior of big pharma, telecomm, software, and the like. The scope of his examples is breathtaking--and ultimately personal. His solutions run the gamut but focus largely on entrepreneurship...except that it is entrepreneurship informed by recognizing the opportunities and risks of gridlock that are outlined in his book (as well as his articles in Science, Harvard Law Review, and elsewhere).

This is a well-written book that is a pleasure to read and a real page-turner.

I teach university courses on Copyright and Intellectual Property. In the past, I've assigned Heller's Science article explaining how the "anticommons" has prevented new and important pharmaceuticals from being developed. However, this book offers an infinitely more readable, entertaining, and nuanced argument. I will certainly be adding it to my syllabus this Fall, and recommend it to anyone who enjoys reading the works of Lessig, Gladwell, and the like.

This book not only challenges the reader to see the world differently, it is also very funny, absorbing, and full of surprising details. Who knew that only one airport has been built since 1975 even though air traffic has tripled? I didn't. Nor did I know what BANANA means in real estate lingo, nor that on any given work day there are lines of briefcases standing like toy soldiers outside the New York Buildings Department office. Michael Heller draws back the curtain to reveal a world most of us don't see, and takes us through it with wit and energy. He'll remind you of that great professor you had in college--the one who conveyed complex ideas through simple and engaging anecdotes, and made you feel wise beyond your years.

Really loved the book. Often any truly novel and intelligent concept comes in a format I wouldn't necessarily recommend to others: this book is a much-needed exception. You *can* broaden your horizons and enjoy yourself at the same time...who knew? It's an easy read but no less important for that fact. On the contrary, the concrete examples make the theory seem almost obvious--I suppose that's what a good author does. If you enjoyed _Freakonomics_, pick this one up. You won't be sorry.

This is a fascinating book. Michael Heller says he got the key insight to the problem he describes in this book in the faulty way the old Soviet Union tried to create private property upon its dissolution. For example, let's say you have been operating a store and with the return of private property, you might expect that you would either get the store or be able to buy it from the state or some such process that would let you continue operating the store. However, you forget that all those Soviet bureaucrats have to get property too! So, some people formerly with the government would also be assigned rights of ownership to the property and your store. This means all of you need to share in its profits and must agree on how it is to be operated. Unfortunately, this also empowers the owners who have no real interest in working the store. They will demand to be bought out in order to let the store function. So, the store cannot function and will be closed with the building sitting vacant. Was society improved by this process?

We all know about the problem of commons. Say there was a well producing apple orchard that we turn into a park that no one owns and everyone can use as they see fit. Will the apple trees be tended to? Will the apples be disturbed to those who need it? Or will the trees be untended, the apples taken by those who want to hoard or sell them, or might the trees be cut down for their wood? All we know is that the orchard will be destroyed. Private property, rightly assigned, can protect resources by those who have an interest in their continuing. When ownership becomes too granular, what Heller calls anticommons, it freezes assets and keeps them unused just as surely as the commons problem does. If that apple orchard were owned equally by 1,000 people who each had a portion of each tree, gridlock would set in because nothing could be decided and nothing would be done to care for, harvest, or use the tree productively.

The author uses many real life business stories to illustrate his points. I found his arguments interesting and very much worth thinking about. His central examples focus on the way our current patent laws for medicines and pharmaceutical manufacturing prevent the creation of new and beneficial medicines. He also shows why our radio spectrum is mostly empty because of the crazy way we license it. The United States is far behind in the products and services available in our telephones, TVs, radios, and other uses of this precious resource. Leaving it unused is just as silly as overuse. We also get a tour of how less than optimal private solutions are created when government creates either a commons or an anticommons problem. Heller then takes us to Moscow and shows us the mess there and offers some steps we can take to fix problems in our own economy.

Good reading.

Reviewed by Craig Matteson, Ann Arbor, MI

I picked up the book yesterday and could not put it down. I was captivated by how well written this book is for a layman with a generic knowledge background in business. I especially enjoyed the organization in snippets that I could read. I kept saying okay, I'll read two more and I'd find myself having read seven more at that first sitting. I finished it this morning but will re-read it more carefully for a later review but for now it is a mid-5 star review.