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Handbook of Industrial Chemistry: Organic Chemicals (McGraw-Hill Handbooks)

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Excerpt:The organic chemical industry is an important branch of industry and its structure usually centers on petroleum and hydrocarbon derived chemicals. The volume text of available books is generally lacking in cov¬ering other very important nonpetroleum-based organic industries such as paints, dyes, edible oils, fats and waxes, soaps and detergents, sugars, fermentation, chemical explosives, and agrochemical industries.
This book focuses primarily on the chemical processing of raw materials other than petroleum and hydrocarbons. These materials are usu¬ally converted into useful and profitable products that are, in general, used as consumer goods. The book addresses the needs of both students and practicing chemists and chemical engineers. It is intended to be a primary source of information for the young practicing professionals who wish to broaden their knowledge of the organic process industry as a whole. The book may also serve as a textbook for advanced under-graduate students in industrial chemistry.
Chapter 1 describes the development of the chemical industry and its role in welfare and employment around the world. This chapter shows how raw materials are procured and converted to consumer products.
Chapter 2 discusses safety aspects in organic industries and methods to protect the workers from hazards such as exposure to dangerous chemicals, heat, pressures, high electric fields, accelerating objects, and other sources of hazards.
Chapter 3 deals with the sources of pollution caused by raw materi¬als, products, and wastes in petroleum, petrochemicals, pharmaceuti¬cals, food, and other industries. The growing public concerns over the safety of chemicals in the environment, and the efforts by the govern¬ments and industries for their control, are discussed.
Chapter 4 presents the chemistry and technology of edible oil, fat, and wax processing including refining, recovery, crystallization, interesterification, and hydrogenation. The key oxidation reactions of lipids leading to quality deterioration of processed and unprocessed foods, and the mechanism of
the action of the antioxidants in improving oxidation stability of foods are discussed.
Chapter 5 highlights the soap and detergent industry. The raw materials, important processes of production, and economic importance of the soap and detergent industry are elaborated.
Chapter 6 covers one of the most widely distributed and abundant organic chemicals-the sugars. The chemistry of saccharides, historical survey, and world production of sugar are presented. The sugar recov¬ery from the two principal sources-sugar cane and sugar beets-are discussed. The chemistry and uses of nonsugar sweetening agents is also presented.
Chapter 7 describes paints, pigments, and industrial coatings. The major paint components, namely, pigments, binders, additives, and solvents are discussed in separate sections. These are followed by the prin¬ciples of formulation, application techniques, durability, and testing of paints.
Chapter 8 is devoted to the industrially produced dyes with their clas¬sification, manufacture, properties, and main applications, as well as environmental and health aspects.
Chapter 9 presents an overview of modern fermentation processes and their application in food, pharmaceutical, and industrial chemical industries. The social and economic importance of fermentation processes is discussed.
The pharmaceutical industry is presented in Chapter 10 as one of the most important sectors of healthcare worldwide. The discovery, the development, and the production of drugs are covered in this chapter. The chapter also includes the correlation between the growth in the worldwide market for pharmaceuticals and the increase of the world population as a result of higher life expectancy and changes in lifestyle.
Chapter 11 presents an overview of the agrochemical industry. Beginning with the introduction and historical background, it leads to the modern trends in agriculture, chemical pest control, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and biological pest control agents. Social and economic aspects of pesticides use are also discussed.
Chapter 12 presents the chemistry of explosives. Chemical explosives and propellants are well-covered in this book because of their importance for peaceful uses. They are considered chemical compounds in pure form or mixtures that rapidly produce a large volume of hot gases when properly ignited. The destructive effects of explosives are much more spectacular than their peaceful uses. However, it appears that more explosives have been used by industries for peaceful purposes than in all the wars.
Chapter 13 covers the conversion of crude oil into desired products in an economically feasible and environmentally acceptable manner.
Descriptions are provided for (1) desalting and dewatering; (2) separation processes, of which distillation is the prime example; (3) conversion processes, of which coking and catalytic cracking are prime examples; and (4) finishing processes, of which hydrotreating to remove sulfur is a prime example. Descriptions of the various petroleum products (from fuel gas to asphalt and coke) are also given.
This chapter also includes a description of the petrochemical industry, and the production of the chemicals and compounds in a refinery that are destined for further processing, and used as raw material feedstocks for the fast-growing petrochemical industry.
Chapter 14 provides the basic principles of polymer science, and addresses the importance of this subject. This chapter aims to give a broad and unified description of the subject matter-describing the polymerization reactions, structures, properties, and applications of commercially important polymers, including those used as plastics, fibers, and elastomers. This chapter focuses on synthetic polymers because of the great commercial importance of these materials. The chemical reactions by which polymer molecules are synthesized are addressed along with the process conditions that can be used to carry them out. This chapter also discusses topics on degradation, stability, and environmental issues associated with the use of polymers.
This book is intended for university and college students who have studied organic chemistry, as well as for scientists and technicians who work in the organic chemical industry, and senior executives and spe¬cialists who wish to broaden their knowledge of the industrial organic processes as whole.