Customer Reviews

The History of Government from the Earliest Times, Vol. 3: Empires, Monarchies, and the Modern State

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A word of warning: Samuel Finer died before he could finish this work. His history stops at the time of the Industrial Revolution, and he did not edit the final piece: there are typos galore in the books. In spite of it all, this is one of the finest works written about government since the Federalist Papers, and it is every bit its equal.

Finer starts with the earliest records of the Sumerian city-states and ends with the French Revolution to look for "inventions" -- something new that a particular government creates and it becomes used ever after. For instance, the Jewish kingdoms of the Old Testament invented the idea of limited government: these theocracies had to follow the rules of the Torah and even the king was subject to God's law. The Roman Republic invented checks and balances as a way of preventing accumulation of all political power into the hands of one man.

The American Revolution created no less than six inventions that have spread around the world:

1) the Constitutional Convention -- a body, outside of government, of citizens, who represent the people, formulate a constitution for them, hand their work to be ratified by the people, and dissolve the Convention once their work had been done;

2) the Written Constitution -- a standard by which citizens can judge their government and also the fundamental law which governs mere statutory laws;

3) the Bill of Rights -- a way of protecting the individual by denying government by power to interfere with certain activities like speech and religion;

4) Judicial Review -- a way of enforcing the Bill of Rights, it also serves to signal the community when government is about to intrude into the forbidden zone;

5) Separation of Powers -- while Britain's government has separate branches for the different sociological groups (e.g. aristocrats in the House of Lords, middle classes in the House of Commons, etc.), America's government was the first to separate the branches according to strict function (e.g. the legislature makes laws, the executive enforces laws, and the judiciary interprets laws) so that no one branch can swallow another and obviate the checks and balances;

6) Federalism -- the idea that different tiers of government have different spheres of activities and that one tier should not invade the other's turf (e.g. states can't sign treaties, and the feds can't issue parking tickets).

Finer also covers the governments of the Greek republics, the Italian republics, the various Chinese dynasties, the representative assemblies of Europe, the Egyptian pharaohs, the Spanish colonies, the shogunate of Japan, the absolutism of France, the despotism of Russia -- in short, just about everything under the sun. It is truly a remarkable work that is well worth its expense. I can recommend no other book more highly than this one.

Finer answers the question: compare and contrast all important, documented human governments. It is both well written and aproprately complex. A type of history written all too infrequently in any age.