'Theology', a term of Attic Greek origin, signifies metaphysics, or "the logic[cal study], of God [that is, the non-movable, non-sensible substance]," (see Aristotle's Metaphysics 1025b3-6a32). Monotheist theologians clarify theoretical controversies in sacred text by employing this sense of metaphysics, for example The Guide of the Perplexed by Moses Maimonides(1135-1204) and Summa Theological by Saint Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). "Popular" theology taught to Muslims differs from the sophisticated technical scholarship found in, "scholastic types of theology," known as kalam [lit. "The word," or logos], philosophical theology, and mystical theology.
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Theoretical theological controversies in Islam, focus on: (i) The analytic of the concept of God; (ii) the ontological and the cosmological proofs of God's existence; (iii) the cosmology of the relationship between God and the world; (iv) the ethics of the theodicy of God's order with respect to free will; determinism, fate, good, evil, punishment and reward; (v) the pragmatics of the language of religions, and the peculiar function of the faculty of imagination special to the prophet, mystics and to the prohet-statesmen; (vi) the relationship between 'reason' and 'revelation'; and finally (vii) the politics of the application of Divine rule to the community. Hundreds of texts have been devoted to different perspectives on these topics. Only paradigm cases of Muslim contributions to theology are outlined in the following precis.
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