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The Killing of Reinhard Heydrich: The SS 'Butcher of Prague'

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True war stories are not a genre I especially seek out. I read this account of the complex web of intrigue and decisions behind Nazi Heydrich's assassination because a relative of mine was actually involved in the plot. I can't say it was spellbinding since it's hard to build much suspense about a case with so well known an outcome. But this book is not just about or even, I would say, primarily about, the halting, fascinating and nearly abortive ground operation that ended the life of one of Nazi Germany's most determined mass murderers. The opening several chapters are about Heydrich's rise to power after a checkered sometimes-disgraced early career in the military. Callum MacDonald clearly has a penchant for dissecting the meticulous planning and thirst for raw power that lay behind this ascent, and the frigidly cold-blooded maneuvers rising stars of the Nazi regime used, including against each other.

MacDonald then maps in detail the even more complicated political terrain navigated by Czech president in absentia Eduard Benes. Ever since the May 1942 killing of Heydrich and the predictable gory aftermath of reprisals -- including the systematic and total destruction of the Czech village of Lidice -- the wisdom a plot to kill such a high ranking Nazi and bring on excessive retaliation, has been doubted. The author depicts the rationale in terms of tragic choices Benes faced in trying to shore up the very limited and shaky international support for his government-in-exile. In a nutshell, the very existence of Czechoslovakia seemed, at that time, to be in question, as German military success against Russia led the latter to call for uprisings behind Nazi lines. From Benes' point of view, had his exiled government accomplished nothing dramatic in the war effort, Russia would have turned to the Czech communist party and thereby ensured their eventual rule in post-war Czechoslovakia. Thus sprang Operation Anthropoid, and the parachuting of assassins into occupied Eastern Europe.

MacDonald has been painstaking in his research into and use of primary once top-secret files. He has then brilliantly boiled it down to just the right amount of detail to both educate and tell a good story. At the end he devotes what seems to be a bit of an afterthought to the question of whether, in sum, the assassination was worth it. I hungered for MacDonald's last word and opinion on something he spent such obvious care researching. But in the end his balanced answers and the way he weighs the complexities may have real bearing on the difficult questions the free world now faces today confronting the new century's brutes and monsters.

This book is about one the lesser known, yet most dramatic events of WWII.

On September 27, 1941, after more than two years of occupation on the Czech lands by fascist Germany, SS Obergruppenfuhrer and General of Police Reinhard Heidrich, one of the most feared men in the Third Reich, was appointed Reichsprotector of Bohemia and Moravia. He came to Prague with the aim of establishing the first Nazi "protectorate" which would be solely under the jurisdiction of the SS. MacDonanald tells the story of the Czech nationalists and parachutists - Major Valcik, Major Gabcik, and Major Kubis - who were trained in Britain before being flown and dropped into Czechoslovakia to carry out the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. After their dramatic assassination of Heydrich, Hitler ordered brutal suppression and mass executions in Prague while an intense, house to house search for the assassins took place.

The parachutists hid within the catacombs of a cathedral in Prague, and were killed after a dramatic and hopeless battle with the SS. (after the parachutists were betrayed by a comrade)

To anyone going to Prague, I recommend that they visit the Cathedral of Saints Cyril and Methodius (the author refers to this same cathedral as Karel Boromajsky church) which is located at Resslova Street 9, Prague 2. There, you can go into the catacombs where the parachutists hid, and where the final and tragic battle took place (which has not been altered since the battle - bullet holes still in the walls, a partial tunnel where the parachutists attempted to make their way to the Prague sewers). I also recommend visiting the museum in the town of Lidice, which was destroyed in reprisal for Heydrich's assassination - all men over the age of 15 executed, all women shipped off to concentration camps, and 5 children deemed worthy of "Germanization" sent to Germany to be raised by SS families

The above caption means "Iron heart and a grenade." It captures the essence of this book. SS General Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942) had been called the reflection of National Socialism because he epitomized every ideological ideal that the Nazis considered revered - he was blond-haired and blue-eyed, tall, calculating, organizational and ruthless. In his lifetime, he was head of the Nazi SD (Sicherheitsdienst, the intelligence branch of the elite SS), the creator of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) and the Security Police (SIPO - a branch of the RSHA), the de facto governor of Nazi-annexed Bohemia-Moravia and the chairman of the Wannsee Conference, where the `Final Solution to the Jewish Question' was intimately planned. In each of these positions that he held, the outlined qualities and ideals resurfaced and certainly were put into practice. Consequently, Heydrich became one of the most hated and reviled Nazis in occupied Europe. Even within the Nazi hierarchy, he used espionage and blackmail to secure his hard-won position: many believed that he would be Adolf Hitler's eventual successor. On the morning of May 27, 1942, he was being chauffeured in an open-roofed Mercedes in a suburb of Prague, intending to reach the airport where he would fly to Berlin and meet with Hitler to discuss Nazi foreign policy. But then, at a bend in the road, he was assassinated. Hitler would call him "the man with a heart of iron," but he expired from his wounds nine days after the incident, on June 9, because shrapnel and pieces of his car got lodged in his spleen and gangrene set in. So much for iron...

Callum MacDonald first wrote this book in 1989 under the title "The Killing of SS Obergruppenfuehrer Reinhard Heydrich" (New York: Free Press, 1989), and it is this edition that was consulted by the reviewer. His work is the first in several years to address the full story of Heydrich's assassination, significant in itself because it was the only successful assassination of a high-ranking Nazi during the Second World War. Using the existing literature on the topic (MacDonald has cited works in English, German and Czech) as well as several primary archival sources, he vividly re-creates a full account of the whole phenomenon of Heydrich. His life is discussed in some detail, as are the details of his assassination, from its implementation, planning, involved personnel and a valuation of it, in the context of its aftermath. It is a very well written book; readers are lucky that the book has now been reissued.

Stunning are MacDonald's revelations and assessment of the exiled Czech president, Eduard Benes, who remained in England during the war and sponsored the assassination. His motives certainly bear question, as he wanted the assassination of Heydrich to prove that Czechs would not blindly accept their fate at the hands of the Germans and had "contributed" to the war, even though he had inklings and knowledge of how the Nazis would wreak their revenge on Czechs and Jews in Heydrich's name. It was these two groups that suffered most after the assassination: the towns of Lidice and Lezaky were razed to the ground and its inhabitants were massacred (except for a few children deemed worthy of "Aryanization"). Several convoys of Jewish deportees were sent to extermination camps under the words "Aktion Reinhard." From that point, occupied Bohemia-Moravia was ruled even more so by checkpoints, security police and the Gestapo than when Heydrich was still living. Benes never sighed a word of the assassination (code-named OPERATION ANTHROPOID) after the war in light of the consequences.

The three assassins, Jan Kubis, Josef Gabcik and Josef Valcik are described and given a face: heroes they were indeed, as they made the ultimate sacrifice in assassinating Heydrich. It was Kubis' grenade that blew up Heydrich's Mercedes and sent bits into his insides, while Gabcik would have mowed him down with a Sten gun, but it jammed at the crucial moment. Valcik was their lookout man, poised at the top of a hill where Heydrich would come down; he signaled with a pocket mirror to his accomplices down below that their target was on the way. MacDonald describes what happened to these three heroes: they fled the scene and hid in the cellar of an Orthodox cathedral in Prague, only to be betrayed by a comrade named Karel Curda, allegedly fearing the arrest of his mother and sister (he was rewarded with one million marks, but was hanged after the war for treason). Fighting the SS for six hours, they all used their last bullets to shoot themselves rather than be taken alive.

Callum MacDonald has written a superb and original book. It is a tale of military intelligence and espionage, heroism and grand sacrifice, banality of evil and the man that reflected Nazism more so than any other in his age, except for Hitler himself.

The author gives a fine look at the assassination from all sides. The reader sees how the plot developed from the exiled leaders in London as well as the events allowing the killing to take place.Though Heydrich was a ruthless killer himself, he blatantly refused to have a security squad accompany him during his travels. This, in spite of his exposure to the very citizens he was persecuting.Fine insight into the mechanics of an event deserving more notoriety.

The Killing of Reinhard Heydrich by Callum MacDonald is the best account in English of the assassination of Heydrich that I'm aware of. It presents background on Heydrich's life before he became the "Reichsprotector" of Bohemia and Moravia in late 1941. It continues with fine chapters on the development of the Czech plans to assassinate Heydrich, the assassination, and the German reprisals. For me, it communicates very well the harsh drama of these events.

One matter I would like to understand better is the apparent lack of an escape plan on the part of the two parachutists who carried out the assassination. A chapter in Prague in Danger by Peter Demetz, to be published in early 2008, may provide new information on this matter.

The comment of a Czech friend may be a suitable ending to this brief review: "The question as to whether the assassination was justified, given the brutal German reprisals, may never be settled. What remains is the courage of the parachutists and those who helped them, and the murderous folly of men."

I have always been facinated by Reinhard Heydrich...what made this cold-blooded, calculating Nazi leader tick? MacDonald's book was able to answer those questions and more...For anyone interested in Reinhard's background and the events in his life which made him hate not only Jews but himself, you will enjoy this book and get to really despise this man...It makes you really ask yourself how a person like this could exhist and hope you never come across...The book equally delves deep into the assisantion plot and one appreciates the sacrifice and heroism made by the Czech assassins...I read this book in two days...very engrossing, tense and educational...

Since I was a kid I have memorised the names of Kubis and others involved in this desperate and quntessentially brave operation, the assassination of Reinhardt Heydrich. The operation should stand as one of the most distinctly brave acts by men against tyranny and evil in the 20th century.

Their acts were particularly harrowing:

1) They struck at the very archetype of evil Reinhard Heyrich (perhaps more cynical and shorn of morality than Hitler, should such a thing be possible)

2) They struck at him in the very heart of the Nazi beast, occupied Prague

3)They had very little internal support and fended for themselves in a hostile environment

4)They then died deaths as befitted heroes with no compromise and no surrender from an impossible position where escape and compromsie with evil was not an option

Although they were betrayed by one of their conspirators, this does not diminish what they have done. I do not know if there is a memorial in present day Prague (but if there is one please tell me), but these people deserve the admiration and respect of all peoples who value the inherent rights of all human beings and who stand up for the rights of the weak and the defenceless against the wanton rampages of ultra-nationalist ideas.

This is an excellent book for people exploring the dedicated and intelligent Nazi known as the "Butcher of Prague." It looks at Heydrich and his career through the German military and the Nazi ranks and eventually leading up to his assassination. This is a small book but a very good one. I recommend it to anyone interested in exploring the monster and "ideal Nazi" Reinhard Heydrich.

Very detailed and thorough with a good overview of the events leading to the assassination. Too repetitious of the political motivations of Benes, et al in London. Terminology is confusing for the reader new to this material, but helpful index in the back to all the abbreviations. Overall very interesting read. To those traveling to Prague the church crypt is open to the public for a small fee with small museum and self-guided tour, complete with machine gun bullet holes on outside of church.

I have always been facinated by Reinhard Heydrich...what made this cold-blooded, calculating Nazi leader tick? MacDonald's book was able to answer those questions and more...For anyone interested in Reinhard's background and the events in his life which made him hate not only Jews but himself, you will enjoy this book and get to really despise this man...It makes you really ask yourself how a person like this could exhist and hope you never come across...The book equally delves deep into the assisantion plot and one appreciates the sacrifice and heroism made by the Czech assassins...I read this book in two days...very engrossing, tense and educational...