21 of 25 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars
Connects and Ignites, June 11, 2007
This review is from: Lights Out: The Electricity Crisis, the Global Economy, and What It Means To You (Hardcover)
If you wonder how our country may be vulnerable in respect to the next national disaster, either via home-grown or foreign terrorist strike or climactic catastrophe or even simple human error....
If you are frustrated with recent power outages affecting your business or neighborhood and don't know why they are (and will keep) occurring...
If you wonder how we can get from "here" to "there" regarding our current reliance on overseas oil and fossil fuel-generated power to a more reliable, efficient and sustainable form of energy supply and transmission...
If you are someone in the industry who is frustrated with the merger and acquisition aspect of making the business end work and need both optimism and practical ideas for growth in this field.....
If you are, like me, a consumer who just wants to know what is behind the wall...
The answers, the ideas, and the possibilities are in this book.
I read "Lights Out" in two days. Informational without being grossly technical, provocative without demonizing any particular person or group, and at times bitingly funny, Jason Makansi writes in an accessible way about a complex subject, drawn from his deep background in the field and an honest, almost Trumanesque prose style. With no real understanding of how my lights go on, or any more than a consumer's investment in this industry--I was engaged from start to finish. This book sounds the alarm, describes the problems, and ignites a passion for taking the next step before we are facing a greater crisis.
For example, in the chapter titled, "Savvy Consumption, Empowering Ratepayers" he writes, "What if you also quantified the value of energy independence.....Imagine going to a filling station and seeing not only the price per gallon, but the hidden cost per gallon to protect our petroleum supply lines, fight wars in countries with oil and natural gas reserves, and lead global military defense!"
Did I mention he writes provocatively?
Regarding some of the dilemmas facing those in the industry he writes, "Both strategies for growth---'if we build it, Wall Street will come' and 'If we merge, business will surge'--are giving utilities fits. The problem is that delays, the money wasted on lawyers and consultants, and the general malaise that overtakes an organization under siege, drain time and money from real needs, like modernizing the infrastructure."
Did I mention he doesn't waste time demonizing but cuts straight to the problem?
And finally, from the chapter, "A Vision For The Future" he writes, "Imagine going to your local electricity store, just like you go to a car dealership, and picking out the model you want custom-built into your new home. What this industry needs more than anything else are entrepreneurial companies that provide home-and business-based electricity systems with the same quality and attention to detail of a home entertainment system: Maybe I want one that makes me feel better because it offers the lowest carbon dioxide emissions. Maybe I just want to be the 'baddest' dude in the neighborhood and pick out something that rumbles when I crank it up."
Did I mention he is funny?
There is so much more in this book, about the supply, the demand, the global structure of our fossil fuel reliance and the impending energy needs of other countries, to what is, in his view, the greatest concern: transmission. Along with a reasonable advocacy for taking a second look at nuclear power generating plants, (something I was previously opposed to), he also includes exciting ideas for new technologies and research, such as recycling the waste heat generated from all sources not just power plants, to a home meter that clearly and understandably shows the consumer how much energy is being used and when, to the idea of a national commission to unite and oversee power transmission from state to state. As Mr. Makansi puts it, "Why not?"
Can we reliably keep the lights on at our current levels of energy consumption? Are our grids vulnerable to sabotage and attack? Are there intermediate solutions that can be made within the industry and by our government that are practical, safe, climate sensitive and affordable now? Can I personally change the way I consume and view my own energy use? And what steps can be taken to affect the change that is needed?
Lights Out connects all interests on the way toward a more logical, more sustainable, more humane and renewable use of energy in today's world. The only question remaining: When will we take the next step?
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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars
When Will the Lights Go Out?, October 23, 2011
This review is from: Lights Out: The Electricity Crisis, the Global Economy, and What It Means To You (Hardcover)
This is a well-written book that explains how our very complex electrical transmission system works, and the problems we face as the transmission grid falls apart from lack of investment and deregulation. Electricity powers the infrastructure and machinery that keeps us alive, and our communication and digital systems.
ELECTRICITY: THE BEDROCK OF SOCIETY
The central theme of "Lights Out" is that the most important part of the electric grid, the transmission system, is being neglected. It's only ten percent of the "value chain", but it's the most essential component keeping the electricity flowing. Transmission experts consider the United States grid "third-world".
HOW IT WORKS
The electrical system is one huge machine. If all of the parts aren't connected and synchronized, the machine stops. Over 75 percent of electricity is generated with fossil fuels and is the source of one-third of the green house gases in the USA. Even the "cleaner and greener" natural gas plants release methane over their life cycle. Methane is over twenty times as powerful in its global warming effects as carbon dioxide.
Wind power doesn't make this problem go away, because they have to be backed up by If combined cycle natural gas plants to compensate for when the wind dies down and to maintain stability.
Stability is incredibly important, just a tiny bit too much flowing through the lines, or too little, can ruin power equipment and the machines using electricity. Ten percent of the electricity flowing never gets delivered - it's just there to keep the grid stable.
Electricity is totally unpredictable. Now one knows where it will go, all engineers know for sure is that it will take the path of least resistance. A given circuit needs to be fed by multiple paths, so if one source of electricity fails, other paths can step in. This is not easy to pull off, there's a great risk of overloading the lines if it isn't done correctly
Controlling the supply of electricity is especially difficult. Demand fluctuates moment to moment as people turn on their air-conditioners, industries shut down at the end of the day and so on. Utilities have to guess at demand to supply enough electricity. They do this by having several types of power plants.
The most important ones run nearly all the time (typically coal or nuclear). They have a high capacity, operating 70-90% of the time. Next come the intermediate load plants that run during the heavy demand seasons of cold winters and hot summers. They typically have capacity factors (up and running) 30-50% of the time.
Finally there are peaking power plants that can start up fast to meet peak demand in the morning and evening. They're usually wasteful of energy since starting and stopping all the time is hard on the equipment (thermal stress degrades metal).
Before deregulation, the transmission grid used to be "gold plated" - so robust and overly maintained that probabilities of massive failures were almost zero. Reliability was a benchmark. Now utilities scramble to provide reliable service as the transmission grid deteriorates.
DEREGULATION
Deregulation broke the incredibly complicated electric machine into bits and pieces run by different conductors, and this is one of the reasons we now have a third-world grid that's no longer gold-plated. Why maintain the grid when you can make a lot more money on other segments of electricity supply and demand?
Deregulation led to a situation where all that mattered was making money. During the electricity crisis in California in 2000-2001, electricity contracts were trading up to 30 times before the electricity was actually delivered and each trade bumped up the final cost of electricity to the consumer. The crisis in California was never an issue of supply and demand, it was due to a deregulated financial market that was designed without regard to the physical limitations of the grid.
DEREGULATION EFFECTS
Utilities now compete with each other, so when one gets in trouble, they no longer come to each other's aid in emergencies
The transmission grid is falling apart, because it's not being maintained adequately.
Therefore, we don't have the infrastructure to bring wind energy from highest-wind areas in the North Dakota region to urban centers. The interconnections between regions are very weak, making it impossible to move large amounts of electricity across long distances.
And of course, with the financial crisis, the trillions needed to beef up the electric grid will be hard to find.
Even if you raised the money, it would be hard to figure out who to give it to. The utilities own the poles, transformers, wires, etc, the Independent System Operator (ISO) actually operates the assets, NERC manages and reports on the flow of electricity among tie inter-connected regions to ensure reliability of the nation's system, FERC establishes permits and rights-of-way for new `transmission corridors'.
"Lights Out", makes it abundantly clear why it makes more sense for just one organization to keep this insanely complex system running, conducting what Makansi calls the "electricity grid orchestra".
Who's in charge?
The ISO might select a power station that is offering electricity at the cheapest price, but utilities have a different priority: they would rather select a power station that will help the grid function more reliably, or a power plant they own to maximize profits.
Which angers the independent power generators and energy marketers, who want their power used, not assets owned by the utility, even if the utility can make the case they chose their own assets for reliability. Utilities have no control over optimal placement of new generation plants. Forty percent of generation plants are privately owned. Utilities are required to buy expensive electricity from these independent power producers who may have built their plants less than optimal locations.
There are also conflicts between the state and federal levels. State regulators would rather serve local consumers before wheeling power to other states.
Finally, there are all the customers, who want low-cost electricity in conflict with utilities and private generators who want a fair return on their investment. But any expansion of the grid to provide cheaper power is seen as a threat to existing power generators, who anticipate lower revenues if this is done.
Energy markets and marketers only care about short-term gain, so long-term investment in electrical grid infrastructure suffers. Far more money is made on Wall Street by people betting on electricity futures than the people who actually operate, maintain, and manage the electrical infrastructure to keep it safe and reliable.
STORAGE
There is still no cheap way to store massive amounts of electricity. There's no Strategic Electricity reserve like the Strategic Petroleum Reserve to draw on in an emergency. Electricity is always just-in-time, there's no inventory. Diesel backup generators can run out of fuel long before an emergency is over.
This is because electricity must be converted into another form, like the chemical energy in a battery, the mechanical energy of a flywheel, or pumping water back up to a reservoir so it can flow through the hydroelectric system again.
If a way to store electricity from wind and solar could be invented, these alternative sources would be must more valuable, since they could be injected when needed.
WIND
Wind is unpredictable, so grid operators have a hard time integrating more than ten percent of wind power into the existing electrical system, though new computer systems and so on are being designed to increase the amount of wind the grid can handle.
The electric grid system operates at a near constant of 60 Hertz. Really bad things happen when it doesn't - that's why we have to use some of the power generating capacity to maintain the grid itself. To reach that constant frequency, the turbines at the power stations have to spin at near constant speeds. Wind turbines can't turn at a constant speed because they must follow the strength of the wind at any given moment. Making wind devices behave properly when sequenced with the electric grid also adds costs.
Wind investors want their turbines in the highest wind areas, where the wind blows as much as possible at 40 to 60 mph. North Dakota wind is our best wind resource, but without a tremendous expansion of the transmission grid, this wind can't be shipped to other parts of the country.
But even if this wind could be delivered across the country, building long transmission lines to carry electricity from wind farms that may only operate one third of the time doesn't make good investment sense.
If it's hard to find investors for wind farms (which is also due to wind tower operating costs - they're as vulnerable as their weakest part to failure), I believe it will be even harder to find private investors to do invest in the expanded electric grid needed to deliver wind (and solar) power. Nor is it likely the federal government will come up with trillions needed - they seem more keen on giving on trillions to the financial institutions that brought the economic system down.
SUPPLY LINES ARE LENGTHENING - VULERABILITY INCREASES
* Over the next 20 years many states hope to import electricity from hundreds or even thousands of miles away at times, over supply lines are very fragile. The fragility comes from the long supply chains of:
* Coal. Fifty percent of electricity comes from coal,...
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