Customer Reviews

Literature from the "Axis of Evil": Writing from Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Other Enemy Nations

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This book was published in 2006 and collected 21 works by 20 writers from Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Syria, Libya, Sudan and Cuba. There were 7 short stories, 7 excerpts from novels and 7 poems.

The countries were President George W. Bush's three "axis" nations, plus four others that have been called enemy nations. These nations have been rated by Freedom House among the world's most repressive societies in terms of political rights and civil liberties, with North Korea, Libya and Sudan at rock bottom, Cuba and Syria slightly higher, and Iran and Iraq just above them.

The collection wasn't intended to either attack or justify the nations, but to promote "international conversation through literature," show common humanity, dispel ignorance and stimulate curiosity. It did oppose the use of rhetoric like "axis of evil," which ignored great differences between the countries and peoples. It didn't pretend to give anything like a definitive insight into each nation's literature.

With only two to five pieces per country, some of them very short poems, only the briefest glimpses could be offered into each country. Iraq and North Korea had the greatest number of works, at four to five each. Each country was given only a cursory introduction. Iran was described as diverse, with both cosmopolitan and repressive elements, Libya was said to have some of the most severe restrictions on freedom of expression in the world. For North Korea, the editors said that contrary to expectations they'd been unable to locate any nonofficial literature. Writing from Sudan was likewise difficult to obtain. From Cuba, on the other hand, the editors had had an abundance of work to select from, much of it widely available in the United States.

The oldest writers in the collection were Syria's Hanna Mina (1924-), called his nation's most prominent novelist, the Iranian poet Ahmad Shamlou (1925-2000), and the Iraqi poet Saadi Youssef (1934-). The youngest were Iraq's Muhsin al-Ramli (1967-), Cuba's Anna Lidía Vega Serova (1968-) and Iran's Tirdad Zolgahdr (1973-). Others included Libya's Kamel al-Maghur (1935-2002), Iran's Houshang Moradi-Kermani (1944-), called his nation's most frequently translated author, Sudan's Tarek Eltayeb (1959-) and Iraq's Sherko Fatah (1964-). Of all the authors, three were women. At the time the book was published, nearly half of the writers were living outside their home countries, including all of the Iraqis.

The works ranged from the late 1950s (six lines from the Iranian poet Shamlou) to 2006 (an excerpt from a novel by the Iranian Zolghadr). More than three-fourths of all the pieces in the book were from the 1990s or 2000s. All but one of the works from Iraq predated the U.S. invasion and concerned things like deserters imprisoned during the war with Iran, a smuggler passing through a minefield at an unnamed border, and an employee of a British oil company in Kirkuk a half-century ago and his close-knit community. Contrary to what another reviewer said, opposition to the U.S. occupation was expressed--in the most recent work, a poem.

For this reader, the most impressive writing was from Iran's Moradi-Kermani and Cuba's Vega Serova. The former's bittersweet story, published around 1979, concerned a student whose originality drew the condemnation of a narrow-minded teacher. The latter's poem-like prose concerned her life between Cuba and the Soviet Union, her search for roots and emotional expression. These pieces felt the most universal. Also interesting were the recent one by Iran's Zolghadr showing the blend of traditional and modern values in his country, one by Iraq's Fatah about a smuggler's tense crawl through a minefield, and a funny one by Cuba's Francisco García González about the thoughts and smells in a man's life.

Many of the other works made less of an impression or couldn't be grasped, particularly the poetry, much of which felt opaque. The prose work from Libya was set during World War II, the one from Sudan involved a soldier fleeing an oppressive officer, and the readable one from Syria concerned a narrator's poverty-stricken youth.

Unlike all the other writers, the authors from North Korea came from a monthly literary journal published by an official organization. Their pieces were chilling for the glimpse they offered of approved literature in that country. Themes included the benevolence of the motherland and its leader; the importance of giving priority to serving society rather than anything related merely to oneself; the importance of keeping the country strong and repaying the love the Great Leader; the dangers of infection by the capitalist world, which bred corruption and abuse of loopholes, reduced honest labor to a contemptible endeavor and encouraged the unjust acquisition of wealth; and the need for continued vigilance and self-discipline to avoid betraying the accomplishments of previous generations. In one story, Russia in the years after Khrushchev and again after 1989 was cited as an example of what happened when vigilance weakened, and North Korea was proclaimed the superior model.

I finished the book wishing I'd been able to get more from it; thinking that there were too few selections for each country, that many of the lesser prose works should've been better and that much of the poetry was hermetic. The anthology's concept and aim were praiseworthy; I appreciated the book for the pieces of writing I enjoyed and the insight into North Korea. For the other nations, though, collections of much greater depth were needed to dispel ignorance; this book was little more than the barest start.

Other collections for the countries include the following. Many were published in the United States, and currently all are available on Amazon, without censorship.

FOR IRAN:

Stories by Iranian Women Writers since the Revolution (1991), Stories of Iran: A Chicago Anthology 1921-1991 (1992), Strange Times, My Dear: The PEN Anthology of Contemporary Iranian Literature (2005) and My Sister, Guard Your Veil; My Brother, Guard Your Eyes: Uncensored Iranian Voices (2006), a collection of essays by Iranians, most of whom live in the West.

FOR CUBA:

The Voice of the Turtle: An Anthology of Cuban Stories (1998), Cuba: A Traveler's Literary Companion (2002) and Cubanisimo: The Vintage Book of Contemporary Cuban Literature (2003).

FOR IRAQ:

Contemporary Iraqi Fiction: An Anthology (2008).

FOR SYRIA:

Breaking Knees: Modern Arabic Short Stories from Syria (2008 in English), a collection of works by eminent short-story writer Zakaria Tamer.

FOR LIBYA AND SUDAN:

The most convenient, inexpensive option might be The Anchor Book of Modern Arabic Fiction (2006), which contains a handful of works by writers from these countries, in addition to those from Iraq, Syria and elsewhere. Another option is the 1,000-page Modern Arabic Fiction: An Anthology (2005).

FOR NORTH KOREA:

Korean Short Stories: A Collection of North Korea (2003) as well as the memoirs This Is Paradise! My North Korean Childhood (2007) and The Aquariums of Pyongyang: Ten Years in the North Korean Gulag (2001 in English), a chronicle of horrors faced by returnees to North Korea from the 1960s that's been called one of the first published accounts of the nation's prison system.

Put together by Writers without Borders, I was sad to read of authors who backed out of this project out of fear of reprisal. Even the first short story of the Vice Principal reflects this fear alive in our world today. Censorship in the US of this misnommer of cultures (Axis of Evil) has encouraged me to read these verses, excerpts and short stories and want to pass the book on to another reader.

I think some reviewers are under the (incorrect) impression that this anthology is meant to be comprehensive or of a high literary caliber. Rather, the pieces serve their purpose by constructing bridges of understanding between the presumed Western reader and the cultures of the "Axis of Evil." The snippets of poems, stories and novels work well as introductions, spurring the reader to delve deeper into authors and cultures hitherto invisible.

Further, the entire book undercuts the narrative promoted by the US and other governments that seek to dehumanize disparate peoples based purely on their rulers. For that reason alone, this anthology is a triumph -- not just in presenting fresh and different points-of-view but also for reminding us that we have much more in common with far-flung peoples than ruling elites would have us believe.

I call this literature light and I do not believe that many writers backed out due to fear of reprisal. Writers right here at "home" in the U.S who are nationals live in fear and are silenced. And it's good to look into the lives of editors and publishers of books, see what their husbands do for a living, let's say, to see how honest these books really are. Nothing in this book addresss the current genocide against muslims, not in any real concrete way...this is bullshiite without borders.

My son needed this book for college. Fast shipping and better price than local store.