"The premise of this collection," Gerald Early writes, "is really quite simple: nearly two dozen black intellectuals and writers were invited to write essays on assimilation, race and identity" (p. xxi). Early, director of the department of African American Studies at Washington University, presented each writer with the famous quotation from W.E.B. Du Bois's The Souls of Black Folk 1 as a point of departure:
It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twines -- an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.
The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife --this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. (Pp. xvii-xviii).
As would be expected, these twenty essays encompass a wide range of styles, approaches, ideologies and conclusions. Yet, with one or two exceptions, each essay fits into one of three categories. In the first group of essays, which includes those by economist Glenn Loury, essayist Stanley Crouch, and professor Kenneth Manning, the writer argues or assumes that the racial identity of black Americans is meaningless and irrelevant or, worse, is limiting by derogating individuality.
