Making use of recently excavated manuscripts, the contributors approach the Mencius from novel perspectives, challenge established interpretations, and confront anew issues that continue to attract and divide students of this classic text. The famous Mencian doctrine of the "goodness" of human nature forms one main focus. Is it a biological "given," a cultural "achievement," or both? What lay behind the debate on human nature in Mencius' time? Though important, this discussion forms but one aspect of a larger ethical and political structure. How does the Mencius deal with the seemingly ubiquitous problem of moral failure? In what sense can morality be said to be "internal," as Mencius is reported to have argued? Does the Mencius prescribe a kind of familialism that protects the interests of the family at the expense of society? Indeed, what does the Mencius have to offer in this age of rapid scientific and technological advances?
Questions of context and interpretation bring into sharp relief key hermeneutical issues that surround the text. Does the Mencius present a coherent and systematically developed ethical teaching? Or should it be read as a composite work, comprising different layers of material that reflect different emphases and conflicting doctrines? Traversing contested territories and exploring new avenues of understanding, the essays presented here do not aim at settling debates; on the contrary, they afford ample opportunities for further discussion on the background, interpretation, and continued relevance of this classic of Confucian philosophy.
