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The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad
 
 
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The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad [Paperback]

Karl Evanzz (Author)
3.2 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (44 customer reviews)

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Book Description

January 9, 2001
Drawn from recently declassified FBI files, and interviews with family members and former apostles, The Messenger renders a daring portrait of one of African-American history's most controversial leaders.

In this explosive biography, investigative journalist Karl Evanzz recounts the multidimensional life of a semiliterate refugee from the Jim Crow South who became the influential founder of the Nation of Islam. Considered the "Prophet" by his followers and a threat to national security by J. Edgar Hoover, Elijah Muhammad moved four million African Americans to convert to his heterodox version of Islam, and inspired the lives of Malcolm X, Muhammad Ali, Jesse Jackson, and Louis Farrakhan. But his increasingly insatiable hunger for power ultimately led Elijah Muhammad down a path of corruption, ultimately betraying his teachings and his devoted believers by womanizing, fathering thirteen illegitimate children, and abetting in the murders of those who criticized him, not least of whom, his chief disciple, Malcolm X.

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Editorial Reviews

Amazon.com Review

This well-documented biography by Karl Evanzz of The Washington Post shows how a poor, Georgia-born mulatto preacher and laborman named Elijah Poole, who moved to Detroit in the 1930s to escape the brutality of the South, reinvented himself as the leader of the controversial Nation of Islam. Evanzz sifts through years of rumors and myths to uncover a proud and politically shrewd demagogue whose frail, asthma-prone body contrasted his fiery antiwhite rhetoric and proclamations of black self-reliance. "To millions of African Americans," Evanzz writes, "Elijah Muhammad was not so much a prophet as a self-schooled psychoanalyst who, like the highly celebrated Sigmund Freud, advanced theories about the nature and role of religion and race in mental dysfunction."

Painstaking research reveals how Muhammad synthesized the philosophies of Marcus Garvey and Booker T. Washington, as well as updating tenets of Freemasonry and the Moorish Science Temple to create the Nation's dogma. Evanzz also recounts Muhammad's imprisonment for draft dodging, one of many run-ins with law enforcement, and his efforts to build schools for the children of his followers. Among the biographical details uncovered with the help of recently declassified FBI files is the identity of Muhammad's greatest teacher, the mysterious W.D. Fard, as well as confirmation of the many children Muhammad fathered out of wedlock. The FBI files also add insight into the treachery, distrust, and violence that gripped the Nation after the 1965 assassination of Muhammad's former second-in-command, Malcolm X. By and large, Evanzz presents a fair, scholarly account of one of the 20th century's most infamous and influential Afro-American figures. --Eugene Holley Jr. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

From Publishers Weekly

As a followup to his acclaimed The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X, Evanzz recounts the "incredible and multidimensional" life of Elijah Muhammad, cofounder of the Nation of Islam. Evanzz begins by meticulously reviewing the history of Muhammad's family during slavery and Reconstruction, leading up to his birth in Georgia in 1897, during the brutal Jim Crow era, which shaped his belief that whites are inherently evil. Drawing on extensive research and interviews with Muhammad's family, former associates and rivals, Evanzz reveals a determined, wily and resourceful figure who got rich from his schemes, ruled his followers by intimidation and fathered an enormous number of illegitimate children. He also chronicles Muhammad's powerful influence on key players of the civil rights movement, such as Dr. King, Muhammad Ali, Jesse Jackson and the Black Panthers. Fresh access to FBI files provides several surprises about the NOI's rocky start, the pro-Axis orientation of its leaders during WWII and the government's extensive surveillance and harassment of its followers. The book also includes one of the most complete accounts to date of the final, bitter confrontation between Muhammad and his chief disciple, Malcolm X, arguing that the FBI's COINTELPRO campaign forced the rift between the pair, which resulted in Malcolm's grisly Harlem assassination and the disintegration of the Nation of Islam into a fractured "Tower of Babble." Although Evanzz's first-rate analysis may generate dispute among the NOI's thousands of faithful followers, it is a fascinating, long overdue study of one of the most intriguing personalities of the 20th century. (Dec.)
Copyright 1999 Reed Business Information, Inc. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

Product Details

  • Paperback: 704 pages
  • Publisher: Vintage (January 9, 2001)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0679774068
  • ISBN-13: 978-0679774068
  • Product Dimensions: 5.2 x 1.7 x 8 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 1.5 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
  • Average Customer Review: 3.2 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (44 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #430,711 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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Customer Reviews

44 Reviews
5 star:
 (16)
4 star:
 (9)
3 star:
 (2)
2 star:    (0)
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 (17)
 
 
 
 
 
Average Customer Review
3.2 out of 5 stars (44 customer reviews)
 
 
 
 
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Most Helpful Customer Reviews

18 of 21 people found the following review helpful:
4.0 out of 5 stars A Flawed but Essential Work, February 9, 2000
By A Customer
I have read the reviews of Evanzz' book on Amazon.com and BN.com and have been somewhat taken aback by the opposition to what he has done here. I read the book from cover to cover and have also read many of the major books and articles about the Nation of Islam or its members (especially Malcolm X). Based upon my own reading, Evanzz has turned in a work that is carefully considered and should be read with an open mind and heart by anyone who wants to learn more about Elijah Muhammad, the Nation of Islam, or Black politics in the 20th century.

Several reviewers here have objected to Evanzz' use of FBI files, but it should be clear from reading this book, Bruce Perry's _Malcolm_, and the FBI files of Martin Luther King, Jr., Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and many others that while the FBI has repeatedly been the enemy of Black people in America, it has also inadvertently provided excellent documentation of Black leaders' activities, for better or worse. Evanzz recognizes this, and even points out how ham-fisted the FBI could be in its attempts to undermine Black organizations, including the NOI.

Is Evanzz' account totally unbiased? Obviously, no. The further one gets into the book, the clearer his disdain for the Honorable Elijah Muhammad and the NOI shows through. Given the events he relates, however, it's easy to see why. That an organization that intends to save Black folks could be so cruel to those it would save should give any reader pause.

Evanzz forces us to confront a number of issues: 1) How and why religions are formed; 2) The relevance of the NOI; 3) The weaknesses built into the NOI and its theology; 4) The importance of having a clear-eyed view of ALL leaders.

Was/is Elijah Muhammad important to African American politics and history? Of course he was. Evanzz understands this. He also makes clear, however, that that importance should not excuse us from criticizing him or his spirtual or political heirs.

One final word: I recommend readers check out C. Eric Lincoln's _The Black Muslims in America_, Peter Goldman's _The Death and Life of Malcolm X_, Louis Lomax's _To Kill a Black Man_, and Bruce Perry's _Malcolm_ as sources that will alternately support and correct some of Evanzz' information. (Some minor facts are inaccurate in a few places.)

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12 of 14 people found the following review helpful:
4.0 out of 5 stars A good book for all races, January 17, 2000
By 
Sean Claycamp (overland park, ks) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   
After reading the long list of reviews posted in regards to "The Messenger," it is clear to me that those who didn't like the book are expressing opinions based on their political philosophy. That is fine, but to say that Evanzz book is unbiased and untrue is wrong. True, Evanzz clearly doesn't like the NOI and in particular the organization's current leadership (check out the final chapter if you doubt that statement), but the author did point out Elijah Muhammad's important role in the liberation of black people in not just the U.S., but worldwide.

Elijah Muhammad was an important cog in the struggle for equality, but to put on blinders and say he was faultless is incorrect. He did have relations with his secretaries; he did live a life of luxury while his followers suffered; and he did play a part in a number of illegal activities. Condemning Evanzz for describing those indiscretions doesn't make those things go away. Evanzz does lay it on a bit thick at times, but as I said he points out the good things Elijah Muhammad did as well.

I'm not going to say I enjoyed this book because some of the descriptions were unsettling like the mass murder of innocent women and children in Philadelphia, but the book was informative and allowed me to explore some things that as a white person I have never been exposed to before. I would encourage anyone interested in studying the civil rights movement more closely to read this book. Aside from the 10 minutes my history class spent on Martin Luther King when I was in school, we learned nothing about the struggle of black people. That makes books like this so important.

Even though at times Evanzz descriptions were detailed to a flaw, I commend him for the painstaking research he did to write this book and I encourage anyone interested in American History to read it.

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9 of 10 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars Putting MAN in His Place, April 10, 2001
By 
Jana Mott (Pennsauken, NJ United States) - See all my reviews
In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

As a striving Orthodox Muslim, and an African-American, I read "The Messenger" with a great deal of interest. I was impressed with Mr. Evanzz' writing style and the depth of his research. His copious references would satisfy the most discerning scholar. And, despite the historical subject matter, the book is a page-turner. I confess that I read until dawn and finished the book in three days. As one of the earlier reviewers noted, however, I was wary of his frequent references to FBI files. They should definitely be taken with the proverbial 'grain of salt'.

Although he does offer his own opinion in later chapters, it is with the force allowed by the evidence already presented. The murder of Hamaas Abdul Khaalis' family was particularly horrific. I was actually glad that Evanzz interjected his opinion at that point ("They had come to Washington in the name of Allah, or so they thought; they left, for certain, as the devil's advocates." pg. 389 ). It would have been dishonest for him to merely describe the massacre without comment. Evanzz is not a newscaster, forced to smile for the cameras while reporting disaster and mayhem.

I must confess a bias in this regard, since my great uncle, Hajji Zafir El-Jamary, was murdered by Black Muslims in Chicago in 1975. He had dared, much like Hamaas Abdul Khaalis, to suggest that the NOI should practice true Islam. His reward was a beating so severe that his eye was dislodged before they threw him - still alive - into the river to drown.

Abdul Khaalis' story and (of course) the story of Malcolm X, were the most touching vignettes for me in the book. I cried when I realized the loss that Orthodox Muslims in America suffered with Malcolm's demise. The information suggests that he was well on his way to establishing a strong Islamic movement that would have benefited all Americans and Muslims throughout the world. The true focus of Islam is not race at all, but the Oneness of God and respect for His creation.

The word "Islam" is loosely translated as "submission to the Will of God." The most important and central belief of Muslims all over the world is that there is nothing worthy of worship except God. "The Messenger" shows the pitfalls of worshipping human beings instead of God.

The Nation of Islam under Elijah Muhammad had its place as a socio-political organization. There is no denying that thousands of African-Americans were saved from drugs, prostitution, and self-hatred through his program. However, there is also no denying the theological deviance of any "Muslim" organization that believes that a human being is God. As Allah says in Qur'an:

"Say: 'I am forbidden to worship those - others than Allah - whom ye call upon.' Say: 'I will not follow your vain desires: If I did, I would stray from the path, and be not of the company of those who receive guidance.'" [Holy Qur'an 6:56]

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Inside This Book (learn more)
First Sentence:
As he lay on his deathbed at the beginning of the bitter-cold winter of 1861, eighty-two-year-old Middleton Pool Jr. had no inkling that the lifestyle he had enjoyed for nearly a century was his invisible, emaciated bedfellow. Read the first page
Key Phrases - Statistically Improbable Phrases (SIPs): (learn more)
line redacted, draft evasion charges, name redacted, field office file, black nationalist groups, black supremacy, voodoo cult, negro town, assistant minister, mail file, national spokesman, name deleted
Key Phrases - Capitalized Phrases (CAPs): (learn more)
New York, Elijah Muhammad, African Americans, Los Angeles, United States, Drew Ali, Muhammad Speaks, Nation of Islam, Saviour's Day, Muhammad Ali, John Ali, Holy Bible, United Nations, Paradise Valley, Holy Quran, Ugan Ali, University of Islam, Martin Luther King, Fard Muhammad, Raymond Sharrieff, Wallace Muhammad, East Coast, Wallace Dodd Ford, Communist Party, New Zealand
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