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The Muckrakers

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At the beginning of the 20th century many journalists wrote about the new ills and corruption of society. Teddy Roosevelt called them "muckrakers", an insult that became a badge of honor. They revealed the various swindles of the newly powerful corporations of America. This selection of the most significant magazine articles of 1902-1912 tells about the topics they covered. The `Introduction' tells that one-tenth of the population owned nine-tenths of the wealth in the nation. In effect, the Revolution of 1776 had been nullified by a new aristocracy (p.xiii). New monthly magazines resulted from: glazed paper made from wood pulp, inexpensive photoengraving, a more literate country (p.xiv). Lower prices attracted more readers. The exposure of corruption and rackets created readership, as it does today. The Progressive movement of 1912 saw lowered reader numbers.

President Teddy Roosevelt began the prosecution of the Trusts (p.xvi). Lincoln Steffens is considered the first muckraker for his 1902 article on St. Louis, the 4th largest city. Muckraking is the "literature of exposure", a version still found today in some magazines. The corruption of those times resulted in exposure. Every action has its reaction, said Newton. They covered every phase of American life (p.xix). Some criticized the muckrakers as being motivated by financial gain! [How shocking?] The effect was political and economic reform (p.xx). Novelists also dramatized the various problems of society (p.xxxi). Why did muckraking magazines decline around WW I? Manufacturers stopped advertising, readers grew tired of exposures, banks stopped extending credit (p.xxiii). The articles in this book were selected as the most important and significant of that era.

The ten parts of this book contain 29 articles. Part 3 has articles on various political divisions. Part 4 tells about patent medicines and pure food. [This is still a problem today!] Part 6 discusses financial schemes. The next parts expose the tenements owned by a church, prison and convict labor, adult and child labor, and the vice of white slavery. Some of these articles are still shocking if not sensational. The 'Epilogue' tells of the lives of the muckrakers; they varied. None regretted their articles about existing evils. The 'Bibliography' lists other articles, periodicals, and books.

These seem to be the more important articles. "The Shame of Minneapolis" by Lincoln Steffens. "The History of the Standard Oil Company: The Oil War of 1872" by Ida M. Tarbell. "The Treason of the Senate" by David Graham Phillips. "The Story of Montana" by C. P. Connolly. "The Great American Fraud" by Samuel Hopkins Adams. "Frenzied Finance" by Thomas W. Lawson. "The Tenements of Trinity Church" by Charles Edward Russell. "Making Steel and Killing Men" by William Hard. "The Daughters of the Poor" by George Kibbe Turner. You will learn about history that is not taught in school courses. [This is from the 1961 hardcover book.]

One of the nice aspects to being sick, and there is a silver lining in just about anything, is that you, if so inclined, can get a lot of reading done. We're talking mildly sick here; sick so that you drift in and out of swoons induced by stuff you can buy over the counter. the scribe's Nyquil years are mostly behind him and reveries during this recent lay-up were fueled by Alka-Seltzer flu medicine, benadryl, and Vitamin-C powder packets.

the highway scribe scarfed down a good number of books and reports on them will be spread out over the next few weeks. First to be finished off was "The Muckrakers," which was edited back in 1961 by Arthur and Lila Weinberg.

The tome contains actual writings of the famed muckrakers who wrote in the first decade of the last century. Their specialty was uncovering abuses. Those abuses could be committed by labor unions, or government officials, or a church, but mostly they worked to bust up the concentration of wealth as represented in the giant corporate trusts that had surfaced 20 or 30 years before.

President Theodore Roosevelt termed the expression, "muckrakers" in a speech that was largely critical of the era's journalists who were, otherwise, mostly on his side, or at least shared the same goals of reform and a cleaner running system.

Among the offerings in "The Muckrakers" is the very speech in which Roosevelt coined the expression. He drew it from Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" and "the description of the Man with the Muckrake, the man who could look no way but downward, with a muckrake in his hands; who was offered a celestial crown, but continued to rake to himself the filth of the floor."

TR went on to preach caution to those leading the crusade and called for an even-handedness that would inform, but not inflame.

As they say, the name stuck.

The book spends some time on the atmosphere in which the muckrakers were born. It talks about the growth of mass circulation magazines such as "McClures" and "Cosmopolitan" that took it upon themselves to finance investigative reporters and publish their in-depth revelations to much scandle and positive affect.

Each section (The City, The State, Pure Food, Child Labor, etc.) is framed with a perusal of the issue at the time, and of a profile on the writer who did the work. Among these names are Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, Ray Stannard Baker, Upton Sinclair, and Mark Sullivan.

the scribe pulled the book for purposes related to his career as a journalist. It's good to know what pioneers like this did and why. But coming to this book is a little like sampling Elvis after being raised on Pink Floyd. You're not going to see the novelty in it; and from their novelty were the muckrakers' powers drawn.

This kind of reporting is done today in any number of weeklies and monthly's on the right and left; "Harpers," "Atlantic Monthly," "The New Republic," "National Review," and so on. The techniques have hardly changed. This book is about how the groundwork was laid.

What's better and more useful about this collection of magazine articles are the portraits they render of the country in that time. It is a raw powerhouse sprawling its industrial self across a giant and empty continent, mostly lawless, if very Christian.

The essays connect the dots on how the great fortunes of the era - Frick, Vanderbilt, Morgan etc.- were built largely through the acquisition of what was supposedly the public trust. They tell the story of child labor to the tunes of millions across the southern textile belt. The muckrakers spun sturdy yarns of corrupt city machines and detailed even the battles for territory, or the love lives, of immigrant newsboys from the street.

It is hard to tell whether such an era of excess and abuse of public trust is a reflection on our own times, or if times simply don't change; that for all our pomp and circumstance, being a thug pays best.

There was a law back in those times, that prevented people from leaving government to lobby the same place he just worke.

What happened to that?

The work/slave conditions documented by William Hard and Edwin Marshall are not gone, just shipped overseas.

You can be a television cameraman and be killed in Baghdad hotel by U.S. forces, or you can reveal the secrets of a seedy senate and be mysteriously assassinated like David Graham Phillips was for articles reproduced in "The Muckrakers."

Two pieces at the back of the book, "De Kid Wot Works at Night," and "The City of Chicago: A Study of the Great Immoralities," create a rather staggering portrait of the crazy town on the lake at the height of its power.

This Chicago is teeming and active to the outskirts, a city created along mass industrial lines where the human element was something of an afterthought. The city's largest business is vice, providing cheap (as in money) girls and cheap beer to the great swathes of workerdom serving the meat industry, the railroad, the ironworks, shipping. The girls are innocents pruned from the immigrant class and their trafficking is handled out of a city police department.

And for all that, the actions government took in response, the attention paid by the general population to the muckrackers' message, are far beyond anything we might to expect today in terms of reform. The ink-stained wretches do not tread upon the feet of corporate titans they way they did then. They will not impose the will of the state over industry. Teddy Roosevelt, a Republican when blacks voted Republican, did.

And America listened to its muckrakers, rather than label them, and acted according to their recommendations. "The Muckrakers" as a book shows us what that interaction meant, and what has been lost between the press and its audience.