The basic principles of each method along with its corresponding capabilities are outlined in 23 separate articles. Detailed information is provided on commonly used methods such as liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, eddy current and radiographic inspection, digital image enhancement, ultrasonic inspection, tomography, and real-time radiography.
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Editorial Reviews
Review
The subject of nondestructive examination and analysis of materials and manufactured parts and assemblies is not new to Metals Handbook. In 1976, Volume 11 of the 8th Edition--Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Control--provided what was at that time one of the most thorough overviews of this technology ever published. Yet in the relatively short time span since then, tremendous advances and improvements have occurred in the field--so much so that even the terminology has evolved. For example, in the mid-1970s the examination of an object or material that did not render it unfit for use was termed either nondestructive testing (NDT) or nondestructive inspection (NDI). Both are similar in that they involve looking at (or through) an object to determine either a specific characteristic or whether the object contains discontinuities, or flaws.
The refinement of existing methods, the introduction of new methods, and the development of quantitative analysis have led to the emergence of a third term over the past decade, a term representing a more powerful tool. With nondestructive evaluation (NDE), a discontinuity can be classified by its size, shape, type, and location, allowing the investigator to determine whether or not the flaw is acceptable. The title of the present 9th Edition volume was modified to reflect this new technology.
Volume 17 is divided into five major sections. The first contains four articles that describe equipment and techniques used for qualitative part inspection. Methods for both defect recognition (visual inspection and machine vision systems) and dimensional measurements (laser inspection and coordinate measuring machines) are described.
In the second section, 24 articles describe the principles of a wide variety of nondestructive techniques and their application to quality evaluation of metallic, composite, and electronic components. In addition to detailed coverage of more commonly used methods (such as magnetic particle inspection, radiographic inspection, and ultrasonic inspection), newly developed methods (such as computed tomography, acoustic microscopy, and speckle metrology) are introduced. The latest developments in digital image enhancement are also reviewed. Finally, a special six-page color section illustrates the utility of color-enhanced images.
The third section discusses the application of nondestructive methods to specific product types, such as one-piece products (castings, forgings, and powder metallurgy parts) and assemblies that have been welded, soldered, or joined with adhesives. Of particular interest is a series of reference radiographs presented in the article "Weldments, Brazed Assemblies, and Soldered Joints" that show a wide variety of weld discontinuities and how they appear as radiographic images.
The reliability of discontinuity detection by nondestructive methods, referred to as quantitative NDE, is the subject of the fourth section. Following an introduction to this rapidly maturing discipline, four articles present specific guidelines to help the investigator determine the critical discontinuity size that will cause failure, how long a structure containing a discontinuity can be operated safely in service, how a structure can be designed to prevent catastrophic failure, and what inspections must be performed in order to prevent failure.
The final section provides an extensive review of the statistical methods being used increasingly for design and quality control of manufactured products. The concepts of statistical process control, control charts, and design of experiments are presented in sufficient detail to enable the reader to appreciate the importance of statistical analysis and to organize and put into operation a system for ensuring that quality objectives are met on a consistent basis. --ASM International
The refinement of existing methods, the introduction of new methods, and the development of quantitative analysis have led to the emergence of a third term over the past decade, a term representing a more powerful tool. With nondestructive evaluation (NDE), a discontinuity can be classified by its size, shape, type, and location, allowing the investigator to determine whether or not the flaw is acceptable. The title of the present 9th Edition volume was modified to reflect this new technology.
Volume 17 is divided into five major sections. The first contains four articles that describe equipment and techniques used for qualitative part inspection. Methods for both defect recognition (visual inspection and machine vision systems) and dimensional measurements (laser inspection and coordinate measuring machines) are described.
In the second section, 24 articles describe the principles of a wide variety of nondestructive techniques and their application to quality evaluation of metallic, composite, and electronic components. In addition to detailed coverage of more commonly used methods (such as magnetic particle inspection, radiographic inspection, and ultrasonic inspection), newly developed methods (such as computed tomography, acoustic microscopy, and speckle metrology) are introduced. The latest developments in digital image enhancement are also reviewed. Finally, a special six-page color section illustrates the utility of color-enhanced images.
The third section discusses the application of nondestructive methods to specific product types, such as one-piece products (castings, forgings, and powder metallurgy parts) and assemblies that have been welded, soldered, or joined with adhesives. Of particular interest is a series of reference radiographs presented in the article "Weldments, Brazed Assemblies, and Soldered Joints" that show a wide variety of weld discontinuities and how they appear as radiographic images.
The reliability of discontinuity detection by nondestructive methods, referred to as quantitative NDE, is the subject of the fourth section. Following an introduction to this rapidly maturing discipline, four articles present specific guidelines to help the investigator determine the critical discontinuity size that will cause failure, how long a structure containing a discontinuity can be operated safely in service, how a structure can be designed to prevent catastrophic failure, and what inspections must be performed in order to prevent failure.
The final section provides an extensive review of the statistical methods being used increasingly for design and quality control of manufactured products. The concepts of statistical process control, control charts, and design of experiments are presented in sufficient detail to enable the reader to appreciate the importance of statistical analysis and to organize and put into operation a system for ensuring that quality objectives are met on a consistent basis. --ASM International
From the Publisher
Published: 1989
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Work Founders on Internal Inconsistency,
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This review is from: Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control. Metals Handbook Ninth Edition: Volume 17 (Hardcover)
The topic of the work, nondestructive evaluation (NDE), contains all of the tests which engineers use to detect flaws in materials. The possibility of employing these tests raises several questions. In particular: 1) Would it be worthwhile to employ such a test? and 2)If so, which test should be chosen of all the possibilities? The work proposes an approach to answering these questions but founders on an internal inconsistency.The approach suggested employs the well established discipline of statistical decision theory. One estimates the probabilities of false negative and false positive error. From them, one answers question 1) by computing the expected benefit. One answers question 2) by computing the expected benefits of all of the possible tests and ranking them according to this criterion. This approach is standard in a number of diagnostic fields, including medical diagnosis. In medicine, tests are designed for this approach. For example, a physician declares each element of a clinical population as positive or negative for liver cancer and a definitive test is available to determine whether each declaration is true or false. The probability of a false positive in cancer-free patients is then defined as the proportion of cancer-free patients declared positive for cancer and the probability of a false negative in cancer-bearing patients as the proportion of cancer-bearing patients declared negative for cancer. A requirement for the success of this approach is that, after the patients have been diagnosed, there is a one-to-one relationship between the set of false positive events and the set of patients who are falsely diagnosed as positive. The same is true for the sets of false negative, true negative and true positive events. When this relationship is present, an important axiom of probability theory is preserved. This axiom is known as Unit Measure. However, though the work assumes the preservation of Unit Measure, NDE violates it (see "Erratic Measure," in NDE for the Energy Industry-1995, pp. 1-6. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY). In this way, the work's answer to whether one should employ NDE collapses. So does its answer to which of NDE's tests should be used.
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