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Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes (Latin American Histories) [Paperback]

Peter Flindell Klaren (Author)
4.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (2 customer reviews)

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Book Description

December 23, 1999 0195069285 978-0195069280
Peru is a country with a remarkable history---in the earliest times, the Incas managed to found a major civilization here, despite the region's environment, which is one of the harshest in the world. The Spanish colonial rule which followed the conquest exploited basic mineral resources in the area without bringing either stability or wealth to the existing population, and unfortunately, economic depression and civil war have frequently left their pockmarks on Peruvian history ever since. In this book, Klaren explores the country's long history, with particular emphasis on social and economic issues, from pre-Incan times to 1995. Organized chronologically, the text also discusses the major themes of Peru's past, focusing not only on prominent figures, but on the daily lives of ordinary people as well.

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Editorial Reviews

Review

"Klaren's history of Peru will stand as the standard survey of Peru for decades to come. The broad range of his research is quite impressive. Unlike most studies in the Oxford series, which heavily stress economic developments, often at the expense of social and political aspects, Klaren's work offers a more balanced account. In addition, significant attention is paid to the role of the military in twentieth-centruy affairs. The bibliography is a model of completeness and will be a valuable aid to scholars."--Daniel M. Masterson, Professor, United States Navel Academy, Annapolis, Maryland

About the Author

Peter Flindell Klaren is at The George Washington University.

Product Details

  • Paperback: 512 pages
  • Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA (December 23, 1999)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0195069285
  • ISBN-13: 978-0195069280
  • Product Dimensions: 9.3 x 6.2 x 1 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 1.7 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
  • Average Customer Review: 4.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (2 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #477,987 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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4 of 4 people found the following review helpful:
3.0 out of 5 stars Dense social and economic history of Peru offers considerable insight, but at a slow pace, April 6, 2006
This review is from: Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes (Latin American Histories) (Paperback)
For me as a reader, what makes a history book great is not the detail or amount of knowledge within, but the manner in which the author conveys that knowledge to the reader. Great history leaps off the page, and a great writer can make even the dullest subject fascinating. This is not quite the case with Peter Flindell Klaren's solid history of Peru entitled, Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes. Klaren, a professor of history and International Affairs at the George Washington University, creates a comprehensive historical, sociological, and economic history of this oft-troubled South American nation, ranging from the pre-Inca natives to the confused politics of the Fujimora era.

Though incredibly well researched and detailed, the book is not one designed for light reading. Klaren writes like an academic working on a thesis in the library: churning, expelling fact after fact without pause and not bringing the life behind the stories to the surface. His use of terms and concepts relating to specific eras of Peruvian history are often discussed in context but not explained until pages later, creating confusion. Klaren's intent with this work was to research how economics and sociological issues helped create the troubled history of Peru. By focusing on this aspect, however, he bogs down in the economic numbers, citing statistic after statistic until it all blurs together.

In fairness, Klaren notes that it is not possible to completely and elegantly distill 10,000 years of history from a country the size of Spain, England, and France combined, especially one in which academic research has been sorely lacking. Klaren does provide extremely helpful statistical tables and comprehensive source references at the end of the book, and it is quite clear the massive amount of research that went into the writing of this book. Also notable is his focus on the impact of the diversity of the Peruvian populace and how ethnic history shaped the political and social history of the country.

If you are a student or someone with an interest in how economies and socio-politics creates history and can affect the development of small nations, then this is a very good book for you. This is also a wonderful reference source for those looking to write or explore in detail Peru's history. If you are looking for a light, fast moving history, you might be better suited elesewhere in the book aisle.

A.G. Corwin
St. Louis, MO
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19 of 28 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars Perú: nación de sobrevivientes, March 17, 2000
This review is from: Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes (Latin American Histories) (Paperback)
En 25 años no se había publicado una Historia del Perú de envergadura similar en los Estados Unidos: de Chavín a Fujimori, un milenio de trayectoria colectiva en un solo volumen. El prestigio de su autor -Peter F. Klarén de la Universidad George Washington- y del sello editorial que la auspicia -Oxford University Press- son razones suficientes para prever la influencia que Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes habrá de tener en los medios «peruanistas» norteamericanos.

Establecer un eje interpretativo con validez en el largo plazo es el mayor reto en un proyecto de esta naturaleza. Ni las épicas incaica o pizarrista ni menos aún la lucha por la independencia funcionan más, advierte el autor, como los eventos fundacionales de una historia nacional. En la supervivencia misma de sus pobladores, en su voluntad e ingenio para levantarse de sucesivas devastaciones -de origen tanto humano como natural-, encuentra el profesor Klarén la clave de la larga duración peruana; una historia, según él, tan rica como dolorosa.

Varios siglos de supervivencia comunitaria hicieron del Tawantinsuyo el más efectivo proyecto estatal en la historia de los Andes. Verdadero triunfo sobre la fragmentación que de la geografía misma pareciera emanar. Su derrumbe, y la catástrofe demográfica que prosiguió supondría para las sociedades andinas una perecedera «desestructuración».

Con todo su poderío, no obstante, el orden colonial no logra imponer por completo los criterios de casta y segregación originalmente previstos. A ello, los futuros peruanos ofrecieron una terca resistencia, demostrando asimismo una distintiva capacidad para maximizar las oportunidades que las fisuras del poder colonial ofrecían. A lo largo del XVIII, la supervivencia deviene rebeldía.

Frente a la conciencia criolla forjada en la capital virreinal surge, en la sierra sur, una visión alternativa: recuperar la memoria incaica en la perspectiva de un programa nacional. Como nación, el Perú terminará construyéndose a contramano de la historia representada por los rebeldes de 1780: «lo criollo» como negación de «lo andino».

Tomando la iniciativa nuevamente, entre fines del XIX e inicios del XX, emprende la población andina un nuevo ciclo de confrontación: comunidades contra haciendas una vez más. En lo que queda del siglo la cuestión de la marginalidad indígena aparece como el gran telón de fondo de una historia cuyos cronistas oficiales insistieron en reducir a los avatares estatales y capitalinos: la «historia de Lima» como sustituto de la «historia del Perú».

Una verdadera revolución historiográfica, en curso desde los años 70, es lo que permite, subraya Klarén, esta drástica ampliación del marco histórico peruano. Una revolución basada en los aportes convergentes de investigadores peruanos (Pease, Burga, Flores Galindo, Manrique, Bonilla, entre otros) y extranjeros (Stern, Spalding, Jacobsen, Gootemberg), cuya obra individual hace posible la síntesis interpretativa ahora intentada por Klarén.

Pero es la historia misma de las últimas décadas la que convalida el esquema interpretativo elegido por Klaren: la emergencia de una sociedad de masas que, del «desborde popular» (Matos Mar) al «otro sendero» (De Soto), y de la insurrección senderista a la contra-isurrección rondera, decretaría la crisis final del país imaginado por los criollos de inicios del XIX.

La evolución política contemporánea, desde esta perspectiva, aparece como una sucesión de intentos por revertir la desestructuración y erigir andamiajes institucionales duraderos sobre las arenas movedizas de una historia irresuelta.

Si hay una lección importante a extraer de una historia construida así es aquella relativa a las hondas raíces de nuestra fragmentación, sustrato último de nuestra inveterada inestabilidad. Dictamen de la geografía y de la historia, que explica, en buena medida, nuestra tradición de caudillos, refundaciones sucesivas y precarios experimentos democráticos. Ni el país «enfermo» o «embrujado» que se ha querido ver, tampoco el país con futuro brillante per se. Una lección de humildad más bien es la que esta lectura sugiere, la apreciación de un derrotero que lejos de culminar en el panteón de los héroes encuentra en una milenaria vocación de supervivencia su clave última y su promesa. Un país de sobrevivientes, en suma, aún a la espera de una genuina reconciliación.

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Inside This Book (learn more)
First Sentence:
To understand Peru's history, one needs to begin with Peru's environment and ecology. Read the first page
Key Phrases - Statistically Improbable Phrases (SIPs): (learn more)
guano era, viceregal economy, guano income, agroexport sector, guano boom, guano age, guano revenues, mita labor, rondas campesinas, vertical archipelagos, coastal agriculture, silver output, guano trade, ceque system, aristocratic republic, viceregal government, cotton estates, silver production, mining markets, viceregal capital, hacienda lands, postindependence period, emergency zone, royal fifth, coastal plantations
Key Phrases - Capitalized Phrases (CAPs): (learn more)
Shining Path, United States, Vargas Llosa, Latin America, South America, Cerro de Pasco, War of the Pacific, Haya de la Torre, Buenos Aires, Upper Peru, Flores Galindo, San Martin, San Marcos University, Lake Titicaca, Sapa Inca, Cuban Revolution, New Left, New Spain, New York, North American, Santa Cruz, Catholic Church, Juan Santos, Soviet Union, Taki Onqoy
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