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Roman Catholicism [Paperback]

John Armstrong (Editor)
4.8 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (4 customer reviews)


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Book Description

May 1, 1998
'Roman Catholicism deserves a prominent place in the library of every evangelical pastor and layperson. It provides a much needed exposition and defense of evangelical Protestant beliefs placed in bold relief beside the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. By no means does the book gloss over the very real doctrinal differences that exist between evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics. Nonetheless, it also seeks to underscore those doctrines evangelicals and Roman Catholics mutually affirm. This is a highly recommended book. It is a timely piece, particularly welcome as a fresh resource to dispel the confusion stirred by recent Evangelical-Roman Catholic dialogues.' --John WoodbridgeTrinity Evangelical Divinity School


Product Details

  • Paperback: 348 pages
  • Publisher: Moody Publishers (May 1, 1998)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0802471692
  • ISBN-13: 978-0802471697
  • Product Dimensions: 8.9 x 6 x 1.1 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 1 pounds
  • Average Customer Review: 4.8 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (4 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #373,433 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

More About the Author

John H. Armstrong is founder and president of ACT 3, a ministry for equipping leaders for unity in Christ's mission. He is former pastor and church-planter, of more than twenty years, and the author/editor of 12 books. He has also authored thousands of magazine, journal, and Web based articles. Besides his writing ministry Dr. Armstrong is an adjunct professor of evangelism at Wheaton College Graduate School, teaches in various seminaries and colleges as a guest lecturer, and is a seminar and conference speaker throughout the United States and abroad. John and Anita, his wife of thirty-nine years, have two adult married children. Anita assists John as an editorial associate and uses her gifts widely to help the ministry. Their son Matthew is engaged in a ministry of evangelism and discipleship and is a church planter in Streamwood, Illinois. Their daughter Stacy is an administrative assistant for ACT 3 and assists her husband in teaching the martial arts. John and Anita have two grandchildren, Gracie (12) and Abbie (8).

John was born in Lebanon, Tennessee (March 1, 1949). He is the youngest of two sons of Dr. Thomas H. and Marie F. Armstrong. John's dad was a dentist and the editor of the Tennessee State Dental Journal. He also served on the faculty of the University of Tennessee Dental School in Memphis for nearly fifteen years. John's mom, deceased in November 2008, was his most important influence in hearing God's call upon his life and in learning how to teach the Scriptures. His brother Thomas is a family physician in Huntsville, Alabama. John attended Castle Heights Military Academy in Lebanon, Tennessee, where he was an ROTC cadet officer and graduated cum honore in 1967. He attended the University of Alabama from 1967-1969, studying journalism and history. In 1969 he transferred to Wheaton College, were he received the B. A. in history (1971) and the M. A. in theology and missions (1973). He did further study at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois, and Northern Baptist Seminary, Lombard, Illinois. He earned the D. Min degree (1979) at Luther Rice Seminary, Atlanta, Georgia. John is an ordained Minister of Word and Sacrament in the Reformed Church in America.

John is the author of Your Church is Too Small: Why Unity in Christ's Mission Is Vital to the Future of the Church (Zondervan, 2010), Five Great Evangelists (Christian Focus Publications, 1997), The Catholic Mystery (Harvest House, 1999), True Revival: What Happens When God's Spirit Moves (Harvest House, 2000), and The Stain That Stays: The Church's Response to the Sexual Misconduct of It's Leaders (Christian Focus, 2000). He is the general editor of Understanding Four Views of the Lord's Supper (Zondervan, 2007), Understanding Four Views on Baptism (Zondervan, 2007), Roman Catholicism: Evangelical Protestants Analyze What Unites and Divides Us (Moody Press, 1994), The Coming Evangelical Crisis (Moody Press, 1996), Reforming Pastoral Ministry (Crossway, 2001), The Glory of Christ (Crossway, 2002). He has contributed single chapters, theological and historical introductions, and forewords to more than two dozen volumes, and has been published in Christianity Today, Christian History and other Christian periodicals.


John is a member of several professional societies including the John Calvin Society, the Karl Barth Society and the Abraham Lincoln Forum.

John's hobbies include baseball, with a love for the Atlanta Braves that goes back to the 1957 Milwaukee Braves who won the World Series. He is also a hometown fan of the Chicago White Sox (World Series Champions 2005) and an avid book collector who enjoys reading great literature, watching film and walking/biking. He remains an avid college football fan, following his beloved Crimson Tide of the University of Alabama. John and Anita have a special place in their home for Neo, the Armstrong's miniature dachshund. John and Anita's grandchildren, Gracie and Abbie, also bring very special joy to their busy lives through regular visits.

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3 of 3 people found the following review helpful
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
I read Roman Catholics and Evangelicals: Agreements and Differences by Norman Geisler and Ralph MacKenzie, then I read Roman Catholicism: Evangelical Protestants Analyze What Divides and Unites Us. The first, being written by a two person team, is more consistent. It follows a pattern of explaining a Roman Catholic doctrine, briefly giving a list of the Roman Catholic arguments in favor of the doctrine, giving a longer evangelical response to each Roman Catholic argument, then giving additional evangelical arguments. It mostly discusses official Roman Catholic theology, based on the Council of Trent and other infallible writings of the Roman Catholic Church.

The second book, Roman Catholicism, is a collection of 13 essays. It is about 100 pages shorter, but some of the essays, especially the first six, are more technical and difficult to read. It is not as structured with lists of arguments, and the writing is less uniform because of the various authors. One idea that came up several times is that Roman Catholics define "justification" differently from evangelicals. For Roman Catholics, it includes both the initial justification of a person, plus the life-long process of becoming more Christ-like - what evangelicals call sanctification. For evangelicals, justification occurs once, at the beginning of a person's Christian life, and it is followed by the life-long process of sanctification. This is a constant source of misunderstanding, and occasionally I thought some of the writers of this book lost track of it. Roman Catholicism describes the theology of the Council of Trent, various creeds, writings of popes and other councils, Vatican I and Vatican II, writings of twentieth century liberal Roman Catholic theologians, and the practices and beliefs of the laity.

Which book is better? If I had read just one of these books, I would have to choose the Geisler book, Roman Catholics and Evangelicals, because it is easier to read. But Roman Catholicism has a lot more historical information that is very valuable and some of it is reasonably easy to read. Both books are written from a conservative viewpoint.

The following is a brief review of each of the thirteen chapters. These make the review longer than what is usually acceptable. You should not feel obligated to read all thirteen reviews.

Part 1: The Historical Background
1. One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic Church. Covers the very early church, the early creeds, the church fathers. It requires quite a bit of prior knowledge to understand it. On page 27, it says "Tertullian's traducianism in anthropology virtually demands the monergism of reformation thought, but his soteriology was disorganized and shows little coherent development." I only partially understand this. Not all of the chapter is that intellectual. Some of it would require an advanced degree in theology or ministry to understand it.
2. How did the Church in Rome become Roman Catholicism? The first part of this chapter was difficult for me to understand. It mentions Anselm and Abelard and the way Anselm argued the existence of God. Then come the Mass and Penance, Prevenient Grace, the tension between the Aristotelian view of Thomas Aquinas and the Platonic view, mediated and causal grace, nominalism, "the recurring pattern of return back to moralism and away from Christ" in the Protestant churches (page 59), the difference between regeneration and justification, the role of "means of grace" in spiritual growth (sanctification) versus conversion. I found myself understanding a paragraph or two, then getting pretty lost in the next couple of paragraphs. It does not seem to be a very cohesive chapter.
3. What really caused the great divide? Based on three of Calvin's writings, which deal with worship, salvation, sacraments, and church government.
Part 2. The Theological Issues
4. Roman Catholic theology today. This chapter indicates that there is some difference between the official doctrines of Rome and the theology that is taught in Roman Catholic seminaries and in theological books. Theologians try to harmonize theology with the Enlightenment. (page 86) Roman Catholic theologians display as much diversity as evangelical theologians. (page 90) The most influential Roman Catholic theologian is Karl Rahner. When Rahner writes, he affirms that the traditional teaching of the Roman Catholic church is binding, he states the traditional teaching, then he explains what the teaching can mean to us today. (page 94, 98) In this third step, he can explain away the traditional teaching and present something much different. Rahner coined the phrase "anonymous Christianity", which seems to embrace pluralism and universalism, the belief that someone who has never heard the gospel can be saved. (page 108) Rahner speaks of "the divinization of the world as a whole," which seems to be a form of pantheism and a blurring of the difference between Jesus and the rest of us. (page 109)
5. Mary, the saints, and sacerdotalism. This chapter is more readable than some of the others. It covers doctrines that are secondary, relative to justification. It is pointed out that Roman Catholic doctrine on Mary has grown over time, much of that growth starting during the reformation with the Council of Trent. This growth in doctrine has widened the chasm between Roman Catholics and Protestants. The author vigorously (but politely, and without unnecessary emotion, I think) refutes the Roman Catholic doctrines on Mary, the saints, and sacerdotalism (the power of priests as essential mediators between God and mankind.)
6. Is Spirituality Enough? Spirituality is defined as "the way we live out our vocation under the cross of Christ." So it is what we do. It starts with a survey of different kinds of spirituality - primitive/animistic, rational/philosophical, mysticism, nomism. Then it discusses the influence of Hellenism (Greek philosophers and their language) on Catholicism. In a section titled "Gains and Losses in the Reformation" it says "Worship came to be centered exclusively in the written and proclaimed Word, and the visible Word became an appendage to the service of worship rather than its fulfillment (as in Luther and Calvin)." (page 153) I don't know what the visible Word is, here. The chapter discusses grace, favoring a Calvinist view. The evangelical view of spirituality, and works, is explained, "Spirituality in the evangelical sense is not the precondition for salvation but its fruit and consequence." (page 156) I thought this chapter was difficult to read, and hard to see what was the central point of it.
Part 3, The Common Ground
7. Unhelpful antagonism and unhealthy courtesy. The unhelpful antagonism mentioned here is mostly from the past, some from the very distant past. As when Pope Boniface VIII said, in 1302, "It is absolutely necessary for every human creature for salvation to be subject to the Roman pontiff," and in 1648, when the Westminster Confession said that the pope is "the man of sin and son of perdition." The problem nowadays is that postmodernists don't think there is objective truth, or, if there is objective truth, it is extremely hard to determine truth, so why haggle over doctrines. It mentions that some of the strong Roman Catholic doctrines have "escape clauses." For example, it is necessary to be baptized, except there is an escape clause, and the sacrament of penance (reconciliation) is necessary except there is an escape clause.
8. Evangelical and Catholic cooperation in the public arena. Written by Ronald Nash (now deceased), this chapter has some strong statements that some (not me) would say are outspoken or over-the-top, which are directed toward various liberals. "a member of a Southern Baptist church occupies the White House, and large numbers of evangelicals and Roman Catholics are appalled by what they see as his contribution to the continuing decline of morality in America." (page 181) (And this was written in 1995, before the Lewinsky affair.) "Because evangelical and Catholic political liberals act in such harmony with their allies in the dominant liberal media and the major power structure in the Democratically controlled Congress and White House and the predominantly left-wing faculty on college campuses, they do not worry about such attacks." (page 190) The theme of the chapter is that conservative Roman Catholics and Evangelicals should work together on the social issues that they agree about.
9. What shall we make of ecumenism? Some disagreements between evangelicals and Roman Catholics are caused by misunderstanding - often because they use different definitions of important words. Other disagreements are caused by real differences in doctrine that will probably never be reconciled. Roman Catholics and evangelicals define "justification" differently. For evangelicals, it is the beginning of Christian life, the moment when one believes and is justified by faith. For Roman Catholics, it means this, plus the process of sanctification. The author, Alister McGrath, seems to equate sanctification and regeneration (page 203), a concept that is foreign to me.
Part 4, The Way Ahead
10. No place like Rome? Some well known evangelicals have converted to Roman Catholicism and it looks like the trend will continue. Often, the reason is either the subjective look and feel of Catholicism ("smells and bells"), or doctrinal. When it is doctrinal, the former evangelical person may have had weak understanding of the evangelical creeds and doctrines. Scott Hahn left the Presbyterian Church in America because of sola scriptura. The chapter has a lengthly defense of sola scriptura. Another reason is that many evangelical churches have become doctrinally soft. Read more ›
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1 of 2 people found the following review helpful
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Far too many people on both sides of The Reformation have no idea of why it happened. We have become people of pragmatism, relegating doctrine to the "professionals" - who have taken a cue from "the people" and tossed doctrine aside as well.

This book is a very reasonable, well reasoned in depth examination of the doctrinal issues that caused The Reformation - and are still unresolved. There is a section that examines the areas in common between the Roman Catholic Church and Evangelicals, yet keeps the reader aware of the danger that lie beyond.

This book is divided into four sections. The last section, "The Road Ahead" is the best part of the book, including chapters by Michael Horton, Kim Riddlebarger, and a former Roman Catholic; each chapter reviews the essential elements of the Christian faith that have been and continue to demand a separation between the Romans and Biblical Christians.

This book is a most excellent resource for anyone who wonders about the pope, the Roman church, The Reformation, or Evangelicals. Well documented with end notes so you can check their work. Easy to read, even when discussing deep theological issues.
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1 of 4 people found the following review helpful
Roman Catholicism. November 11, 2009
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
Pretty good treatment of the material by capable reviewers. Ok predominately evangelical reviewers. There's probably a liberal counterpart out there somewhere if one feels so inclined. Fighting fundamentalists and KJO types will probably not care for it, due to a seemingly objective treatment of the subject matter.
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First Sentence:
An old English proverb says, "Use soft words and hard arguments." Read the first page
Key Phrases - Capitalized Phrases (CAPs): (learn more)
Roman Catholic, Jesus Christ, New York, Council of Trent, New Testament, Grand Rapids, Holy Spirit, Old Testament, John Calvin, Karl Rahner, United States, John Paul, Thomas Howard, Pope John, San Francisco, Scott Hahn, Karl Keating, Ronald Nash, Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma, Protestant Reformation, Richard John Neuhaus, Spirit of God, Foundations of Christian Faith, Martin Luther, Eduard Schillebeeckx
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