The title of this book may scare some readers away. They shouldn't let it. Even as it takes an uncompromising stance on the need for scientific integrity, Science in the Private Interest is carefully researched and presents arguments from all sides of the issues under discussion. Case studies sprinkled throughout the book demonstrate that the main characters -- universities, large companies, and some academicians -- at times cloak monetary and career-advancing priorities in scientific clothing. Yet most of the pages of the book are not exposes of biomedical wrongdoing but explanations of the laws and regulations that govern how academia and industry interrelate. In Science in the Private Interest, Sheldon Krimsky explores how scientific discoveries made within academic walls can be translated into better lives for members of the general public. Without the profit motive to stimulate private investment in discoveries with potential application to human need, laboratory breakthroughs might be confined to the pages of a prominent or obscure journal. Yet that same profit-oriented motive introduces a new set of priorities, motivations, and cultural norms into university laboratories and academic investigations. One university official is quoted as saying, "The only thing wrong with tainted money is there t'aint enough of it." Is there a way out of the dilemma? Can corporate funding be made available to translate biomedical advances into beneficial products without allowing the money to distort the purity of scientific inquiry? In an important contribution to scholarly inquiry into university-industry collaboration, Krimsky considers the work of sociologist Robert Merton, who in the 1930s proposed a series of standards by which science should be evaluated. Merton suggested four norms of science. "Universalism" refers to the objective nature of science that transcends national, cultural, or institutional boundaries. "Communalism" stands for public ownership of the fruits of scientific investigation, holding that each scientific advance is built on past discoveries and should not become the private property of a person or institution. Merton's third norm is "disinterestedness," requiring scientists to perform and to interpret their work "without considerations of personal gain, ideology, or fidelity to any cause other than the pursuit of truth." Finally, Merton calls on scientists and their institutions to practice "organized skepticism," suspending final judgment on a discovery until all possible facts are at hand. Krimsky uses these standards to evaluate the state of scientific inquiry in the current era of growing private funding of universities and heightened corporate influence over academic behavior. He struggles with the applicability of Mertonian norms to modern reality. For example, is communalism (public access to scientific knowledge) an absolute yardstick of scientific integrity, given that industry has a reasonable right to patent products (a process requiring secrecy) that its funds help to develop? What kinds of discoveries merit the overriding of communalism? Is it proper to patent objects that already exist in nature, such as genes? Or should knowledge be treated as private property only for such inventions as the vacuum cleaner and the hepatitis B vaccine? This book is worthwhile reading for anyone interested in biomedical innovation.
Thomas Bodenheimer, M.D.Copyright © 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. The New England Journal of Medicine is a registered trademark of the MMS.
In
Science in the Private Interest, a strongly argued polemic against the commercial conditions in which scientific research currently operates, [Krimsky] shows how universities have become little more than instruments of wealth. (
The New York Review Of Books )
In
Science in the Private Interest, Dr. Krimsky documents the growing entanglement between commerce and academic science. He argues that the lure of profits is transforming universities so that they are no longer independent, disinterested centers of learning that the public has long depended on. (
The New York Times )
A must-read for anyone interested in the future of science. (
Usa Today )
This is an important and detailed analysis of the transformations of the biomedical sciences as they have become part of a new biomedical-industrial-complex. . . . A timely and much-needed study. (Everett Mendelsohn )
This book should be read by anyone concerned about the integrity of knowledge production in a knowledge-based society. Krimsky provides a spirited and engaging defense of academic freedom and sounds a compelling warning of the long-term dangers to society when universities adopt the values of business. (Mildred Cho )
In Science in the Private Interest, a strongly argued polemic against the commercial conditions in which scientific research currently operates, [Krimsky] shows how universities have become little more than instruments of wealth..... (
The New York Review Of Books )
Science in the Private Interest is required reading for all scientists interested in the integrity of researchers and universities. (Adil E. Shamoo )
Sheldon Krimsky is one of the country's leading thinkers about the social and political context of science. This very accessible book offers a powerful insight into how corporate connections are harming the progress of science, tainting free inquiry in our universities, and harming our health. (Brown, Phil )
Reading Krimsky will give those inside and outside the university and college worlds a gripping sense of how large are the stakes and how glorious can be the benefits of defending and expanding the independence of the university from the growing corporate state. . . . A searching and honest book. (Nader, Ralph )
Science in the Private Interest makes a timely and welcome contribution. A major strength of Krimsky's book is its comprehensive account of problems that have arisen from the 'partnership' of academia and industry. (
Nature Neuroscience )
Science in the Private Interest is carefully researched and presents arguments from all sides of the issues under discussion. Case studies sprinkled throughout the book demonstrate that the main characters--universities, large companies, and some academicians--at times cloak monetary and career-advancing priorities in scientific clothing. Yet most of the pages of the the book are not exposés of biomedical wrongdoing but explanations of the laws and regulations that govern how academia and industry interrelate. (
The New England Journal Of Medicine )
Krimsky is certainly not the first to take on conflicts in the scientific world, but his scholarship provides the data that many advocates use in making their case. Even defenders of the commercial ties, who say they speed products to the market and appropriately reward researchers for their work, recognize the importance of Krimsky's data. (
The Boston Globe )
By using thorough analysis, interviews, and careful evaluation of recent patterns, Krimsky attempts to untangle the complex relationship between biomedical research and profiteering, one of the most important issues of our time. (
Public Citizen News )
Provides a useful and readable compendium of events and ideas that are familiar to scholars of conflict-of-interest in science. (
Www.Nature.Com )
Krimsky has long been a critic of business links to universities.
Science in the Private Interest integrates his work and that of others, arguing that the link between universities and business actually presents a serious threat to both universities and society. (
Health Affairs )
Krimsky's analysis is informed and his argument well written.
Science in the Private Interest is a disturbing book but one that deserves a broad readership. (
Science & Theology News )
Although this thesis is not new, readers will learn from the detail [Krimsky] presents and from his juxtaposition of a broad range of examples. Bringing together a wealth of evidence from investigative journalism, government reports, and peer-reviewed articles, Krimsky shows that these conflicts of interest are not isolated incidents but form a widespread, increasing pattern. (
Nature Medicine )
Shrewd, unsparing, and never shrill, this book ought to be obligatory reading for anyone who values the role that science plays in the political life of the United States. With a scholar's care and an idealist's unswerving allegiance to unfettered scientific inquiry, Krimsky explores the true public cost of the transformation of university-based research into a tool of commercial self-interest. (
American Scientist )
The message of this book is relevant to most of us. Because this subject is important, and because Krimsky's writing is clear, there is little to criticize. This vision of what academia has been and what it could continue to be is reason enough to read what Krimsky has to say. (
Journal Of The American Medical Association )
A must-read for UK science minister Lord Sainsbury. (
Ecologist )
Krimsky has written an important and provocative book.
Science in the Private Interest should generate fruitful debate about systematic responses to the dangers of research commercialization in the life sciences. (
Academe )
I know of no better account of the profound issues regarding the interface between the academic mission and the industrial world than that given by Krimsky. (
The Quarterly Review Of Biology )
In lucid, well-documented discussions, liberally enhanced by appropriate case studies, Sheldon Krimsky shows us how bias and conflict of interest may arise in various forms. (
New Jersey Medicine )
