Soka Gakkai in America: Accommodation and Conversion [Hardcover]

Phillip E. Hammond (Author), David W. Machacek (Author)

Book Description

Publication Date: May 20, 1999

This is the first in-depth study of the Soka Gakkai Buddhists in the United States. Drawing on unprecedented access to the organization through surveys and interviews, it provides a definitive and revealing picture of one of the fastest-growing religions in the world. The authors shed light on contemporary American society and show how many members of this sect are drawn from a growing "transmodern" subculture in America. In addition, the book traces the development of the organization in the US, examining how it adapted to the peculiar circumstances of America's cultural life showing how it has now become a very American phenomenon.

Editorial Reviews

Review

one learns a great deal about the appeal, proselytizing strategy, and values of Soka Gakkai, as well as a realistic assessment of its current demographics. Richard Seager, Religious Studies Review, Vol 27, No 2, April 2001

About the Author

Phillip Hammond is at UCS. David Machacek is at University of California, Santa Barbara.

Product Details

• Hardcover: 240 pages
• Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA (May 20, 1999)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0198293895
• ISBN-13: 978-0198293897
• Product Dimensions: 8.8 x 5.7 x 0.7 inches
• Shipping Weight: 14.1 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
• Average Customer Review: 5.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (2 customer reviews)
• Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #1,228,773 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews

35 of 46 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars Oustanding Research into a New American Religious Movement, March 8, 2000

By 

Richard Munnelly - See all my reviews

This review is from: Soka Gakkai in America: Accommodation and Conversion (Hardcover)

Since the 1960s, most of the Asian religions practiced in the United States have enjoyed a brief period of popularity followed by decline. The Soka Gakkai International's constituent organization in the U.S., SGI-USA is an exception. Having gained widespread acceptance in American society, the Buddhist organization has achieved a stable presence by contributing to society through various activities related to peace, culture and education.

What makes SGI-USA different? How did the Japanese Soka Gakkai take root and achieve such success in the United States? In "Soka Gakkai in America: Accommodation and Conversion," Phillip Hammond, professor of religious studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and David Machacek, who also teaches at the university, offer answers to these and other questions.

Drawing on "A Time to Chant" by Bryan Wilson and Karel Dobbelaere, published in 1994, a study of Soka Gakkai members in Great Britain, Hammond and Machacek base their findings primarily on surveys, interviews and informal conversations with members.

The authors conclude that SGI-USA has thrived because it respects American culture, because it emphasizes personal growth and responsibility and involvement in society at large, and because it recognizes the compatibility of scientific rationalism and religious value. The authors predict that SGI-USA will endure as a significant force in the American religious landscape and that its members will serve as pioneers in this era of dramatic change as we approach the new millennium.

5.0 out of 5 stars In-depth review of an accessible if academic survey, December 1, 2011

By 

John L Murphy "Fionnchú" (Los Angeles) - See all my reviews
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This review is from: Soka Gakkai in America: Accommodation and Conversion (Hardcover)

How does a Japanese "new religious movement" replicate the Reformation, as it exports a global Buddhism bent on world peace, self-actualization, post-materialism and transmodern values? Two UCSB sociologists survey 400 Soka Gakkai members in 1997, and their findings compliment those for British counterparts in "A Time to Chant" (1994; see my review). There, Bryan Wilson and Karel Dobbelaere found many SGI-UK converts from self-employed and creative, artistic professions. Those in America who answered Phillip Hammond and David Machacek's questionnaire tend to be more from corporate and knowledge-industry occupations, but the members' outlooks and scholars' findings resemble each other.

"Accommodation" examines the evolution into 35,000-odd U.S. members, of diverse ethnicities and religious or spiritual backgrounds, of a movement imported in the mid-1950s with a few Japanese wives married to U.S. servicemen. It outgrew its immigrant roots and flourished in the counterculture when its post-war seekers found a spiritual match for discerning "postmoderns." This refers to one of four responses to modernity by American religions. Modernists reject religion as superstition and favor reason and science, breaking up cohesion of past loyalties. Counter-modernists reject modernity for tradition. In between, some take a liberal balance, as mainstream Protestants, that accepts science to "enhance religious understanding." (127)

That leaves SGI-USA among postmodernists, who affirm modernity's limits regarding scientific progress, the human condition's humility, environmental harmony, and a "therapeutic orientation" on "healing and wholeness." They also have "a fascination with the exotic" (128) which celebrates matter joined with spirit, male with female, and culture with nature. This openness also invites consumerism, but more for cultural and artistic pursuits rewarding self-improvement rather than mere acquisition.

This also connects with the outward direction of committed members. While chanting for material benefits has been assumed by observers to be a primary motivation, Hammond and Machacek lean towards data which show a shift from marginal to active to core members that draws SGI's faithful into more communal service as their chanting draws them into work and action that optimistically helps others along with themselves. It's an "ascetic" worldview which converts do not form on joining, but which attracted them as jibing with their previous perspective, as these often young, single, uprooted people found a congenial fit with SGI.

Soka Gakkai's orientation does not reject American culture but reinterprets it. SGI offers a framework that "is now coherent and endowed with sacred meaning." (140) SGI's promise of chanting offers a way to tap into a life-force and to channel energy into not material benefits but a promise of "compensators such as faith, a sense of personal happiness, and confidence" (76) Hammond and Machacek sensitively examine how what members chant for relates to and differs from SGI's collective goals, and why benefits gained may not equal the goals sought. However defined, success makes the convert feel at home with an accommodating force for change that aligns with American beliefs in human potential and responsible use of an optimistic attitude.

The authors explore how SGI-USA aimed not at a foreign-looking, lifestyle-altering, anti-mainstream "cult" status, but a "soft-sell, low-tension strategy" (178) that resulted in less growth but more sustained adjustment to American mainstream society, where SGI blended in rather than stood out.

While the authors estimate, on the high side, 90% of those who've "received the Gohonzon" (56; the venerated mandala that serves as a mirror for one's practice defining Nicherin Buddhism) from SGI-USA have lapsed from membership (if not practice, for this is hard to tell in a survey drawn from the organization's own list), those who remain turn out to be more committed. The investment in learning chants in archaic Japanese, in attending meetings, and in giving time and donations to SGI pays off for a smaller, but more convinced, cadre. Unlike other Eastern imported movements, SGI-USA appeals by tailoring its mystical philosophy to a pragmatic set of rewards combined with an altruistic appeal. (The authors downplay criticism of its president's influence, which detractors have charged as nearing a "personality cult.")

SG enriches the "mundane world of daily life with religious significance." (140) Conversion reinforces social values as SGI members socialize "with like-minded others, and legitimates them with a Buddhist religious tradition." (140) The authors demonstrate this by excerpting interviews with marginal, active, wavering, and core members--and a few defectors gleaned admittedly (more than in Wilson & Dobbelaere) from a small sample, given scholars relied on membership lists from SGI for research. One difficulty shared by both reports is this built-in lack of context for more of those disenchanted, but "Soka Gakkai in America" improves upon its British predecessor by trying to document as completely as possible the range of members and outlooks.

This makes a fitting companion to "A Time to Chant"; that book's recommended for its deeper historical context of Nichiren Buddhism, and its study of the split with the priestly caste in 1991. I also note that Wilson with Machacek followed this with "Global Citizens" (2000; see my review), an academic collection of essays by scholars on SGI worldwide, past and present. There's far less background in this very slim volume, but with these two other books as supplements, readers may easily look up more. (Also see Daniel B. Montgomery's "Fire in the Lotus" on Nichiren and all varieties of Nicherinism; it too's reviewed by me.)

One fresh element added by Machacek and Hammond: supply-side and demand-side economics are mooted as models for SGI, one for the availability of late 20c options in a spiritual marketplace, the other for its ability to meet the needs of seekers. While less vibrant in its narrative than the British version, full of articulate informants, this American successor, even with more "textbook"-toned interpretations of the surveys, incorporates the same conclusions as before that match SGI abroad to a shift into a consumerist, yet ethical and practical, social phenomenon and religious movement.