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Tales Before Narnia: The Roots of Modern Fantasy and Science Fiction [Paperback]

Douglas A. Anderson (Editor)
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Book Description

March 25, 2008
In his acclaimed collection Tales Before Tolkien, Douglas A. Anderson illuminated the sources, inspirations, and influences that fired J.R.R. Tolkien’s genius. Now Anderson turns his attention to Tolkien’s colleague and friend C. S. Lewis, whose influence on modern fantasy, through his beloved Narnia books, is second only to Tolkien’s own.

In many ways, Lewis’s influence has been even wider than Tolkien’s. For in addition to the Narnia series, Lewis wrote groundbreaking works of science fiction, urban fantasy, and religious allegory, and he came to be regarded as among the most important Christian writers of the twentieth century. It will come as no surprise, then, that such a wide-ranging talent drew inspiration from a variety of sources. Here are twenty of the tributaries that fed Lewis’s unique talent, among them:

“The Wood That Time Forgot: The Enchanted Wood,” taken from a never-before-published fantasy by Lewis’s biographer and friend, Roger Lancelyn Green, that directly inspired The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe; E. Nesbit’s charming “The Aunt and Amabel,” in which a young girl enters another world by means of a wardrobe; “The Snow Queen,” by Hans Christian Andersen, featuring the abduction of a young boy by a woman as cruel as she is beautiful; and many more, including works by Charles Dickens, Kenneth Grahame, G. K. Chesterton, and George MacDonald, of whom Lewis would write, “I have never concealed the fact that I regarded him as my master.”

Full of fascinating insights into Lewis’s life and fiction, Tales Before Narnia is the kind of book that will be treasured by children and adults alike and passed down lovingly from generation to generation.

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Editorial Reviews

From School Library Journal

Adult/High School—This anthology includes stories, poems, and folktales that provided source material and influenced the writings of C. S. Lewis. Included are pieces by E. Nesbit, Hans Christian Andersen, Sir Walter Scott, Charles Dickens, Rudyard Kipling, and J. R. R. Tolkien. Some of these authors were widely read by Lewis and documented as such; others were chosen by Anderson due to story elements and passages that strongly resemble those within Lewis's work. In brief source notes preceding each entry, the editor speaks to the perceived influences. He also quotes passages within Lewis's work that appear derivative of, or at least inspired by, the earlier author. Similarities in allegory and metaphor, specifically theological in nature, are pointed out. Serious fans of Lewis's writing or those interested in his biography, emerging writers of fantasy, and students studying comparative literature or literary criticism will find this a provocative resource. Background information on each author and a recommended reading list are included.—Jodi Mitchell, Berkeley Public Library, CA
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

Chapter 1

The Aunt and Amabel
by E. Nesbit

Lewis enjoyed the writings of E. Nesbit from the time he was a child. When he began writing The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, he told a friend that he had begun a children's book "in the tradition of E. Nesbit."

"The Aunt and Amabel" prefigures Lewis's first Narnia adventure in that

the young girl Amabel enters another world by means of a wardrobe, finding therein a magical train station called "Bigwardrobeinspareroom." In chapter 2 of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the faun Mr. Tumnus similarly speaks of "the far land of Spare Oom" and of "the bright city of War Drobe."

"The Aunt and Amabel" was first published in Blackie's Children's Annual (1909), and collected in The Magic World (1912).



It is not pleasant to be a fish out of water. To be a cat in water is not what any one would desire. To be in a temper is uncomfortable. And no one can fully taste the joys of life if he is in a Little Lord Fauntleroy suit. But by far the most uncomfortable thing to be in is disgrace, sometimes amusingly called Coventry by the people who are not in it.

We have all been there. It is a place where the heart sinks and aches, where familiar faces are clouded and changed, where any remark that one may tremblingly make is received with stony silence or with the assurance that nobody wants to talk to such a naughty child. If you are only in disgrace, and not in solitary confinement, you will creep about a house that is like the one you have had such jolly times in, and yet as unlike it as a bad dream is to a June morning. You will long to speak to people, and be afraid to speak. You will wonder whether there is anything you can do that will change things at all. You have said you are sorry, and that has changed nothing. You will wonder whether you are to stay for ever in this desolate place, outside all hope and love and fun and happiness. And though it has happened before, and has always, in the end, come to an end, you can never be quite sure that this time it is not going to last for ever.

"It is going to last for ever," said Amabel, who was eight. "What shall I do? Oh whatever shall I do?"

What she had done ought to have formed the subject of her meditations. And she had done what had seemed to her all the time, and in fact still seemed, a self-sacrificing and noble act. She was staying with an aunt-measles or a new baby, or the painters in the house, I forget which, the cause of her banishment. And the aunt, who was really a great-aunt and quite old enough to know better, had been grumbling about her head gardener to a lady who called in blue spectacles and a beady bonnet with violet flowers in it.

"He hardly lets me have a plant for the table," said the aunt, "and that border in front of the breakfast-room window-it's just bare earth-and I expressly ordered chrysanthemums to be planted there. He thinks of nothing but his greenhouse."

The beady-violet-blue-glassed lady snorted, and said she didn't know what we were coming to, and she would have just half a cup, please, with not quite so much milk, thank you very much.

Now what would you have done? Minded your own business most likely, and not got into trouble at all. Not so Amabel. Enthusiastically anxious to do something which should make the great-aunt see what a thoughtful, unselfish, little girl she really was (the aunt's opinion of her being at present quite otherwise), she got up very early in the morning and took the cutting-out scissors from the work-room table drawer and stole, "like an errand of mercy," she told herself, to the greenhouse where she busily snipped off every single flower she could find. MacFarlane was at his breakfast. Then with the points of the cutting-out scissors she made nice deep little holes in the flower-bed where the chrysanthemums ought to have been, and struck the flowers in-chrysanthemums, geraniums, primulas, orchids, and carnations. It would be a lovely surprise for Auntie.

Then the aunt came down to breakfast and saw the lovely surprise. Amabel's world turned upside down and inside out suddenly and surprisingly, and there she was, in Coventry, and not even the housemaid would speak to her. Her great-uncle, whom she passed in the hall on her way to her own room, did indeed, as he smoothed his hat, murmur, "Sent to Coventry, eh? Never mind, it'll soon be over," and went off to the City banging the front door behind him.

He meant well, but he did not understand.

Amabel understood, or she thought she did, and knew in her miserable heart that she was sent to Coventry for the last time, and that this time she would stay there.

"I don't care," she said quite untruly. "I'll never try to be kind to any one again." And that wasn't true either. She was to spend the whole day alone in the best bedroom, the one with the four-post bed and the red curtains and the large wardrobe with a looking-glass in it that you could see yourself in to the very ends of your strap-shoes.

The first thing Amabel did was to look at herself in the glass. She was still sniffing and sobbing, and her eyes were swimming in tears, another one rolled down her nose as she looked-that was very interesting. Another rolled down, and that was the last, because as soon as you get interested in watching your tears they stop.

Next she looked out of the window, and saw the decorated flower-bed, just as she had left it, very bright and beautiful.

"Well, it does look nice," she said. "I don't care what they say."

"Then she looked round the room for something to read; there was nothing. The old-fashioned best bedrooms never did have anything. Only on the large dressing-table, on the left-hand side of the oval swing-glass, was one book covered in red velvet, and on it, very twistily embroidered in yellow silk and mixed up with misleading leaves and squiggles were the letters, A. B. C.

"Perhaps it's a picture alphabet," said Mabel, and was quite pleased, though of course she was much too old to care for alphabets. Only when one is very unhappy and very dull, anything is better than nothing. She opened the book.

"Why, it's only a time-table!" she said. "I suppose it's for people when they want to go away, and Auntie puts it here in case they suddenly make up their minds to go, and feel that they can't wait another minute. I feel like that, only it's no good, and I expect other people do too."

She had learned how to use the dictionary, and this seemed to go the same way. She looked up the names of all the places she knew-Brighton where she had once spent a month, Rugby where her brother was at school, and Home, which was Amberley-and she saw the times when the trains left for these places, and wished she could go by those trains.

And once more she looked round the best bedroom which was her prison, and thought of the Bastille, and wished she had a toad to tame, like the poor Viscount, or a flower to watch growing, like Picciola, and she was very sorry for herself, and very angry with her aunt, and very grieved at the conduct of her parents-she had expected better things from them-and now they had left her in this dreadful place where no one loved her, and no one understood her.

There seemed to be no place for toads or flowers in the best room, it was carpeted all over even in its least noticeable corners. It had everything a best room ought to have-and everything was of dark shining mahogany. The toilet-table had a set of red and gold glass things-a tray, candlesticks, a ring-stand, many little pots with lids, and two bottles with stoppers. When the stoppers were taken out they smelt very strange, something like very old scent, and something like cold cream also very old, and something like going to the dentist's.

I do not know whether the scent of those bottles had anything to do with what happened. It certainly was a very extraordinary scent. Quite different from any perfume that I smell nowadays, but I remember that when I was a little girl I smelt it quite often. But then there are no best rooms now such as there used to be. The best rooms now are gay with chintz and mirrors, and there are always flowers and books, and little tables to put your teacup on, and sofas, and armchairs. And they smell of varnish and new furniture.

When Amabel had sniffed at both bottles and looked in all the pots, which were quite clean and empty except for a pearl button and two pins in one of them, she took up the A.B.C. again to look for Whitby, where her godmother lived. And it was then that she saw the extraordinary name "Whereyouwantogoto." This was odd-but the name of the station from which it started was still more extraordinary, for it was not Euston or Cannon Street or Marylebone.

The name of the station was "Bigwardrobeinspareroom." And below this name, really quite unusual for a station, Amabel read in small letters:

"Single fares strictly forbidden. Return tickets No Class Nuppence. Trains leave Bigwardrobeinspareroom all the time."

And under that in still smaller letters-

"You had better go now."

What would you have done? Rubbed your eyes and thought you were dreaming? Well, if you had, nothing more would have happened. Nothing ever does when you behave like that. Amabel was wiser. She went straight to the Big Wardrobe and turned its glass handle.

"I expect it's only shelves and people's best hats," she said. But she only said it. People often say what they don't mean, so that if things turn out as they don't expect, they can say "I told you so," but this is most dishonest to one's self, and being dishonest to one's self is almost worse than being dishonest to other people. Amabel would never have done it if she had been herself. But she was out of herself with anger and unhappiness.

Product Details

  • Paperback: 352 pages
  • Publisher: Del Rey (March 25, 2008)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0345498909
  • ISBN-13: 978-0345498908
  • Product Dimensions: 6.2 x 0.9 x 9.2 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 8.8 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
  • Average Customer Review: 4.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (3 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #1,275,815 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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7 of 9 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars interesting collection, March 29, 2008
This review is from: Tales Before Narnia: The Roots of Modern Fantasy and Science Fiction (Paperback)
The twenty-one short stories, poems, essays and other writings that make up this collection are considered by editor Douglas A. Anderson as the sub-title states The Roots of Modern Fantasy and Science Fiction. Though this reviewer has some doubts about that assertion, the entries are well written and entertaining from a who's who of literature (Dickens, Tolkien, Grahame, Stevenson, Wells, Potter, Clarke and Kipling, etc) even though the authors were in many case key players (no novels are included which in my opinion would be more likely to be influential). The contributions are excellent with the little notes prefacing them adding to the fun as Mr. Anderson explains the author's link to C.S. Lewis. The anthology provides a glimpse into the science fiction-fantasy short writings that were out there prior to Narnia, written in the early 1950s. As he did with the equally delightful TALES BEFORE TOLKIEN, Mr. Anderson provides a strong, enlightening and fun to read compilation; hard to resist "a never before published story" The Wood That Time Forgot: The Enchanted Wood by Roger Lancelyn Green (Lewis' biographer) that inspired THE LION, THE WITCH, AND THE WARDROBE.

Harriet Klausner
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2 of 2 people found the following review helpful:
4.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating Insights and a fun contribution to C.S. Lewis Studies, May 18, 2009
This review is from: Tales Before Narnia: The Roots of Modern Fantasy and Science Fiction (Paperback)
Tales Before Narnia. Edited by Douglas A. Anderson. Del Rey: Ballantine. (2008) 339 pages. $15.00

Reviewed by Ryder W. Miller

Due to the recent J.R.R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis movies there has been a voluminous amount of new public C.S. Lewis scholarship available, as if there had not been enough at the library and in the journals already. Walter Hooper has made three large volumes of C.S. Lewis letters available. From Narnia to Space Odyssey, by myself, argues that C.S. Lewis was inspired by a dialogue with Arthur C. Clarke sending him in a new direction (reread the forward to That Hideous Strength, ie. the scientific colleague referred to may have been have been Clarke or a like minded colleague). Allan Jacobs points out in his biography that C.S. Lewis was also a Narnian. Michael Ward claims to have a discovered an astrological/astronomical underpinning to the Narnia series in the scholarly and intriguing Planet Narnia. In Narnia and the Fields of Arbol, The Environmental Visions of C.S. Lewis, Mathew T. Dickerson & David O'Hara argue that C.S. Lewis should be considered a modern and influential environmentalist based on his science fiction and fantasy books which almost everybody has encountered. Equally brilliant is Tales Before Narnia, The Roots of Modern Fantasy and Science Fiction which includes many classic stories and writers that inspired C.S. Lewis.

Here one will find works by the likes of George McDonald and G.K. Chesterton who Lewis read avidly and apparently studied, emulated and served. There are also poems and stories by fellow Inklings J.R.R. Tolkien and Charles Williams, and lesser known Inklings such as Owen Barfield and others. One will be surprised by these stories that show that there was a rich fantastical legacy, not just a mythological legacy, before the Inklings. C.S. Lewis in some people's opinions will be elevated to the position of someone who could reach the masses, for others he will be appear as not quite so original and like Tolkien, maybe even grubby, to put it kindly.

But neither man was shy about sharing with their fans their literary debts.

The included stories do not have the drive or adventurousness as Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia, but they do work as parts of a jigsaw puzzle, Narnia and Lewis being the constructed image showing what Lewis had made public by his fame and success. The book also serves as revenge for the loyal or weird reader, against the know it alls and scholars, who also encountered Lewis along their vicarious adventurous travels. One could better say what else should have been in here or what was missing or why something was missing, but there is also a list of recommended writers at the end.

Here one will find the continuity which Narnia was a part of, but these are not the type of stories that one will sit on the edge of their seats to read. Tolkien was called "cruelly suspenseful" by a critic, while Lewis was not known for writing stories merely to entertain. They both sought to fill a void that was missing, ie. fantastical stories for those who did not want to be "jailed" by the modern realism, but Lewis also turned to fantasy as a means to expound upon theological issues.

One will find here all sorts of components to Lewis's Chronicles (White Witches, magic wardrobes, magical beings, talking animals, kings, battles, magical woods, etc.... ), but not necessarily the continence of a theological argument. The lion, Aslan, is missing, but Lewis at times was also Aslan. In the minds of many Lewis elevated fantasy by infusing it with a coherent moral philosophy, others are detractors because they would have preferred to have just been entertained.

Anderson, as with Tales Before Tolkien, does a fine job of showing that we were not quite as weird as we thought we were reading all those fantastical tales. Many well established writers contributed to this rich legacy of writing. There were many readers before us and there is a tradition of doing so. Because of Lewis and Tolkien we are even less weird then we were in times past.

Because of Anderson, the loyal fantasy reader still has something to add to the discussion, some insights that were gained more enjoyably.
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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful:
3.0 out of 5 stars "Balder the Beautiful, is Dead, is Dead!", August 30, 2010
By 
R. M. Fisher "Raye" (New Zealand = Middle Earth!) - See all my reviews
(TOP 500 REVIEWER)   
This review is from: Tales Before Narnia: The Roots of Modern Fantasy and Science Fiction (Paperback)
Edited by Douglas Anderson, "Tales Before Narnia" is a companion piece to Tales Before Tolkien and provides an interesting array of poems, short stories, fairytales and novel experts that C.S. Lewis read prior to or during his literary career. It is subtitled "Classic Stories That Inspired C.S. Lewis," though this is a tad inaccurate. It's really an anthology of stories that inspired him, stories that he may or may not have read, stories from authors that he appreciated, and stories written by his friends. Though many of the chosen pieces are apt, and provide a template of sorts for components of Lewis's works (particularly The Chronicles of Narnia, Space Trilogy, and The Screwtape Letters), others are slightly more obscure.

There are some obvious choices, such as The Snow Queen by Hans Christian Anderson, and "The Aunt and Amabel" by E.S. Nesbit (which involves a little girl discovering a magical world at the back of her wardrobe). Likewise George MacDonald, G.K. Chesterton and William Morris are present, who Lewis often credited for his literary style and imaginative techniques, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "Tegner Drapa," a poem whose opening line is said to have awoken Lewis's lifetime longing for the north and its mysteries.

And of course, there are works from his core group of friends, "The Inklings" including a poem from Tolkien, a short story from Charles Williams, a fairytale from Owen Barfield (whose daughter was the god-daughter of Lewis and the namesake of Lucy Pevensie), and a chapter from Roger Lancelyn Green's "The Wood that Time Forgot," (who was not an Inkling, but a close friend), a hitherto unpublished story that was written prior to The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and which heavily influenced several aspects of Lewis's plot.

There are some odd choices; it's apt that Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows is present, though I wonder why it appears in its original form (the letters Grahame sent to his son, which recount Mr Toad's adventures) rather than an expert from the book itself. Though they were published in his lifetime, Lewis may not have read the original letters, and I feel a better choice would have been the inclusion of the chapter in which Ratty and Mole meet the god Pan, a chapter full of holy spirituality and rapture, an atmosphere that Lewis drew heavily upon when he wrote of the feelings of adoration, wonder and fear that Aslan awoke in his followers. Likewise, though William Morris is included, it's strange that the story chosen is "A King's Lesson", a tale that has little bearing on anything in Lewis, especially when the more obvious choice would have been something from The Well at the World's End, which was a direct precursor to the Wood between the Worlds in The Magician's Nephew.

Stories by Robert Louis Stevenson and Sir Walter Scott are included, two authors that Lewis admired, but the chosen stories bear little resemblance in content or tone to what Lewis himself wrote (in fact, the introduction to Stevenson's "The Waif Woman" states that "Lewis made no mention of this particular story.") Charles Dickens and Rudyard Kipling are also present, two writers that Lewis had mixed feelings on.

On the whole, "Tales Before Narnia" is less of what inspired Lewis's own works, and more of a compilation of what he may have absorbed during the lengthy duration of writing career. That's no bad thing, but again it's not exactly what the title suggests. Each one comes with an introduction that explains each story's connection (however tenuous) with Lewis and why it has been included. Scholars or fans of Lewis's work will find this anthology to be anything from intriguing to enlightening, perhaps just in the sense that it brings one closer to Lewis's reading habits.
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