For many years, the tarot has been presented as an ancient occult artifact, encoding deep metaphysical secrets. In this century, historians have offered a contrary view: that the tarot deck is simply a Renaissance card game with no deeper significance. Documentary evidence tends to support the latter view, although the images on the cards remain as intriguing and provocative as ever.
This book represents a milestone in tarot scholarship; O'Neill presents the thesis that the tarot symbols *do* constitute a profound metaphysical system, even while he acknowledges and accomodates the historical evidence which debunks the fanciful speculations of the early occultists. Marshalling an encyclopedic array of sources, the author establishes that the intellectual climate of the Italian Renaissance was highly conducive to production of an emblematic synthesis of Neoplatonic philosophy and heretical mystical practice. He makes a sound case that the tarot was designed as a cosmograph, a map of the underlying spiritual structure of the universe, which might be used by those seeking enlightenment within the western tradition.
One of the outstanding qualities of this book is the thoroughness with which O'Neill addresses rival hypotheses about the origin of the tarot. He considers both the strong and weak points of all the major theories on the subject, so readers can follow the arguments for themselves, and reach an informed opinion about the strength of each theory. The book thus makes an excellent starting point for learning about these rival theories; the interested reader can then follow up by seeking out the books and articles O'Neill references.
There are some shortcomings, however. This book is not for casual reading. The style is that of an extended research paper. Alas, the manuscript did not receive the attention of a major publisher, so the presentation suffers in many ways: there is virtually no illustration, there are many typos, and many of the tables and lists could use the work of a good designer. Taken together, these things may discourage the less dedicated reader.
O'Neill is tackling an extraordinarily difficult topic, in that he is trying to fathom the intentions of the anonymous designer of the first tarot deck, using only the indirect evidence of the cards themselves and the cultural millieu which produced them. If, in the end, having exhausted the facts, he seems to follow his personal hunches, at least he does so with candor and tempered by humility. A person with different background and interests could well reach different conclusions.
This book is completely unrivaled as a scholarly attempt to understand the tarot as a coherent symbolic system. Some may argue that the tarot is not a coherent symbolic system at all, but no one makes the case better than O'Neill.
How historically plausible is it that the tarot was invented to embody a serious metaphysical doctrine? If this question interests you, _Tarot Symbolism_ is required reading, utterly indispensible.