The Obama presidency --- less than a month old as this is written --- is already generating a tsunami of commentary, appraisal, praise, criticism, advice, warning and general can-we-really-believe-this wonderment.
The voices producing all this punditry come overwhelmingly from white observers. In this wide-ranging book, TV journalist Gwen Ifill (remember her as moderator of the 2008 vice presidential debate?) gives us a much-needed perspective from the black community itself.
Some of her conclusions may surprise you. There are, for example, sharp generational divisions within the black community over what the election meant and what it may mean for our political future. Race still looms as a major issue in American politics. A huge step forward has indeed been taken, but where the path leads and who will blaze it are unanswered questions.
The major theme of Ifill's book is the deep psychological and tactical division between the older generation of black civil rights activists --- those who endured the fire hoses, the attack dogs, the beatings --- and the newer crop of young black political hopefuls who want to build in their own way on what their elders accomplished. The younger group reveres and respects what the pioneers did, but their own objectives are quite different. The situation is nicely summed up by a quote from Michael Steele, the Maryland politician just elected chairman of the Republican National Committee: "This generation is less interested in having a seat at the lunch counter and more interested in owning the diner."
This amounts, in Ifill's phrase, to a "redefinition" of black politics and politicians. In his campaign Barack Obama tried to straddle the divide by soft-pedaling the idea of past black militancy and struggle, speaking instead of the need for blacks and whites to seek common ground for the general good. It was a kind of unconscious echo of Thomas Jefferson's "We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists."
Obama's election certainly marked a milestone in the long road toward racial tolerance in America, but most of the politicians Ifill consulted have no rosy illusions that we have entered a "post-racial" political era, and Ifill seems to agree with them. She repeatedly invokes the image of sandpaper to characterize the uneasy state of friction that still exists below the political surface.
The younger generation of rising black politicians is still irritated by the idea that they should "wait their turn" instead of pushing aggressively toward their political goals. In this regard, Ifill focuses on three highly visible black activists: Newark Mayor Corey Booker, Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick and Alabama Congressman Artur Davis. While admiring the political skills of Booker and Patrick, she is somewhat critical of both men for ignoring sound advice and trying to accomplish all their goals in too short a time. She sees Davis as obviously planning a run for governor of Alabama, a risky move to put it mildly.
Within the black community, Ifill finds an undercurrent of unease with politicians perceived as not "black enough." When the young Deval Patrick came home to Illinois on a break from Milton Academy in Massachusetts, his sister taunted him with "you talk like a white boy!" And there were those who wondered why Barack Obama did not say more about specifically black concerns during his campaign. (Of course, on the other side stood those whites who rejected any black candidate simply because his skin was black and dismissed Obama as a secret Muslim or even the Antichrist. Ifill pays them little heed other than to implicitly acknowledge that they are indeed still with us.)
The last section of Ifill's book is a survey of promising second-level black politicians from around the country --- state legislators, mayors, government officials. These are the people, she says, who may make up the next wave of nationally prominent black political figures. This final chapter reads a little like a baseball scouting report from the minor leagues, listing the hottest young prospects for future seasons.
THE BREAKTHROUGH is well written, but it is perhaps most valuable for the questions it raises than for any answers Ifill provides. These answers we must all figure out for ourselves. If we blithely ignore the questions, there still could be troubled days ahead.
--- Reviewed by Robert Finn