In the midst of one of the most serious financial upheavals since the Great Depression, George Soros, the legendary financier and philanthropist, writes about the origins of the crisis and proposes a set of policies that should be adopted to confront it. Soros, whose breadth of experience in financial markets is unrivaled, places the crisis in the context of his decades of study of how individuals and institutions handle the boom and bust cycles that now dominate global economic activity. In a concise essay that combines practical insight with philosophical depth, Soros makes an invaluable contribution to our understanding of the great credit crisis and its implications for our nation and the world.
The Crash of 2008 and What it Means
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"Totally compelling." BBC Business editor Robert Peston "They're wrong about oil, by George. In short, the standard economic assumption that supply and demand drive prices is only a starting point for understanding financial markets. In boom-bust cycles, the textbook theory is not just slightly inaccurate but totally wrong. This is the main argument made by George Soros in his fascinating book on the credit crunch, The New Paradigm for Financial Markets, launched at an LSE lecture last night." The Times "The next generation of economists will have to understand financial bubbles rather than ignore them, as Greenspan and his fellow central bankers have done. They would be well advised to give Soros's theory of reflexivity serious consideration." Sunday Times "(Soros) present(s) a very interesting and disturbing view of how free markets behave, and the nature and extent of the crisis we're in." Sunday Business Post "This was a book that George Soros badly wanted to write. It is probably not what many of its readers expect to read. But it shows that in his deeper thinking about the way markets operate, Soros was several decades ahead of his time... His insights are clear and concisely expressed. They are worth reading for anyone interested in the topic." Financial Times "The runners in the race for the White House should stop and listen to Soros." Independent on Sunday"
About the Author
George Soros is chairman of Soros Fund Management and is the founder of a global network of foundations dedicated to supporting open societies. He is the author of several best-selling books including The Bubble of American Supremacy, Underwriting Democracy, and The Age of Fallibility. He was born in Budapest and lives in New York City.
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George Soros was born in Budapest, Hungary on August 12, 1930. He survived the occupation of Budapest and left communist Hungary in 1947 for England, where he graduated from the London School of Economics. While a student at LSE, Mr. Soros became familiar with the work of the philosopher Karl Popper, who had a profound influence on his thinking and later on his professional and philanthropic activities. The financier. In 1956 Mr. Soros moved to the United States, where he began to accumulate a large fortune through an international investment fund he founded and managed. Today he is Chairman of Soros Fund Management LLC.
Customer Reviews
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
47 of 53 people found the following review helpful
Format:Paperback
This book is a reissue of one Soros published in 2008 ("The New Paradigm for Financial Markets)," with a new section added in which Soros confesses to making some investment errors last year (but still coming out ahead), and underestimating the extent of the current market crash. (See my prior review of his prior book.)
Most of what Soros added is beyond my level of comprehension, possibly explaining why he's rich and I'm not. One point, however, did come out quite clear. Soros points out that buying CDS contracts is the same as going short on those same bonds, while carrying limited risk and unlimited potential profit potential. (Shorting the bonds instead offers unlimited risk and limited profit potential.) This encourages speculating on the short side, and (per Soros) exerts a downward pressure on the underlying bonds.
Soros goes on to claim that Lehman Brothers, AIG, etc. were destroyed by bear raids via shorting stocks and buying CDS. (I see a simpler explanation for AIG's fall - selling too many CDS on different bonds, thinking they would disperse risk and forgetting that they were all highly positively correlated.)
Unlimited shorting of stocks was made possible by abolition of the uptick rule (allowed short sales only when prices were rising), and facilitated by the CDS market.
Soros' bottom line is that the 2008 market crash proves that the efficient-market hypothesis (seeks and finds equilibrium) is now officially dead, giving Soros another opportunity to push his theory of reflexivity (better explained in Wikipedia). He then goes on to offer predictions on where Russia, China, India, etc. are headed in the near future.
Finally, Soros also claims that Obama is facing problems 2X those faced by FDR. The total outstanding credit was 160% GDP in 1929, 260% in 1932 (decline in GDP, accumulation of debt). By comparison, we entered the 2008 crash at 365%, and Soros believes this will rise to about 500% of GDP.
Most of what Soros added is beyond my level of comprehension, possibly explaining why he's rich and I'm not. One point, however, did come out quite clear. Soros points out that buying CDS contracts is the same as going short on those same bonds, while carrying limited risk and unlimited potential profit potential. (Shorting the bonds instead offers unlimited risk and limited profit potential.) This encourages speculating on the short side, and (per Soros) exerts a downward pressure on the underlying bonds.
Soros goes on to claim that Lehman Brothers, AIG, etc. were destroyed by bear raids via shorting stocks and buying CDS. (I see a simpler explanation for AIG's fall - selling too many CDS on different bonds, thinking they would disperse risk and forgetting that they were all highly positively correlated.)
Unlimited shorting of stocks was made possible by abolition of the uptick rule (allowed short sales only when prices were rising), and facilitated by the CDS market.
Soros' bottom line is that the 2008 market crash proves that the efficient-market hypothesis (seeks and finds equilibrium) is now officially dead, giving Soros another opportunity to push his theory of reflexivity (better explained in Wikipedia). He then goes on to offer predictions on where Russia, China, India, etc. are headed in the near future.
Finally, Soros also claims that Obama is facing problems 2X those faced by FDR. The total outstanding credit was 160% GDP in 1929, 260% in 1932 (decline in GDP, accumulation of debt). By comparison, we entered the 2008 crash at 365%, and Soros believes this will rise to about 500% of GDP.
82 of 96 people found the following review helpful
By M. G. Wade
Format:Paperback
Actually, I read the earlier version, and found the book helpful and illuminating. I only came here to look into the more recent version and get sense of what he has added.
And I find several inaccurate reviews posted by people who apparently glanced at the book only to have a hint enough to write something nasty here.
Sunshine T, the conversation you mention was a reprinted piece of an NYTimes Mag article (written in first person) by Ron Suskind, NOT a conversation Soros had with Karl Rove. It was introduced and opened with a colon. It was a fully indented block of text. Have you been reading English long enough to know that these things mean something is being quoted? Then, next paragraph, Soros himself said "...the aide, presumably Karl Rove..."
Furthermore, Soros points out repeatedly that he is presenting a theory he expects others to investigate. If you want to trash someone's book, READ IT.
Another one-star reviewer, Marius R. completely MISSES THE PRIMARY POINT of the whole book, which is that previous market theories have consistently overlooked the effect humans and our psyches have on the economy. Soros' MAIN POINT is that humans and their psyches are a HUGE factor in the economy.
You got it 180 degrees wrong, M.R. Did you only skim the book also, or is this conscious disinformation?
Yet another, Booklover, didn't review the book either. Did you read it? Your claim as to the "underlying premise" of this book is NOT in this book. That may be Soros' intentions (I doubt it) but it's not in the book.
This is a book review area.
Please take your political outrage somewhere else, you guys. Soros has EARNED the right to have his economic theories analyzed and discussed by intelligent adults. And some of us other intelligent adults appreciate his thoughts and theories.
And some of us even come here to get info on the book itself. And now that I've vented a little of my own outrage....
It was quite a surprise to me actually to get a sense of economic theory and that the so-called experts for ages have not considered the human effect any more than they have. Astonishing. No surprise it would come from someone who has decades of very successful real world experience rather than academia/science labs.
And I find several inaccurate reviews posted by people who apparently glanced at the book only to have a hint enough to write something nasty here.
Sunshine T, the conversation you mention was a reprinted piece of an NYTimes Mag article (written in first person) by Ron Suskind, NOT a conversation Soros had with Karl Rove. It was introduced and opened with a colon. It was a fully indented block of text. Have you been reading English long enough to know that these things mean something is being quoted? Then, next paragraph, Soros himself said "...the aide, presumably Karl Rove..."
Furthermore, Soros points out repeatedly that he is presenting a theory he expects others to investigate. If you want to trash someone's book, READ IT.
Another one-star reviewer, Marius R. completely MISSES THE PRIMARY POINT of the whole book, which is that previous market theories have consistently overlooked the effect humans and our psyches have on the economy. Soros' MAIN POINT is that humans and their psyches are a HUGE factor in the economy.
You got it 180 degrees wrong, M.R. Did you only skim the book also, or is this conscious disinformation?
Yet another, Booklover, didn't review the book either. Did you read it? Your claim as to the "underlying premise" of this book is NOT in this book. That may be Soros' intentions (I doubt it) but it's not in the book.
This is a book review area.
Please take your political outrage somewhere else, you guys. Soros has EARNED the right to have his economic theories analyzed and discussed by intelligent adults. And some of us other intelligent adults appreciate his thoughts and theories.
And some of us even come here to get info on the book itself. And now that I've vented a little of my own outrage....
It was quite a surprise to me actually to get a sense of economic theory and that the so-called experts for ages have not considered the human effect any more than they have. Astonishing. No surprise it would come from someone who has decades of very successful real world experience rather than academia/science labs.
52 of 63 people found the following review helpful
Format:Paperback|Amazon Verified Purchase
George Soros presents a critique of and an alternative traditional economic theory, which denies the possibility of the sort of housing and credit bubbles that characterize the crash of 2008 in the United States. Soros is charming, disarming, self-effacing (except about his ability to conquer financial markets), never dismissive of other theories, and never aggrandizing his own approach by presenting straw-man versions of other approaches. I came away from this book with a good deal of respect for Soros as a thinker and as a human being.
Soros' central claim is that traditional economic theory holds that competitive markets tend toward equilibrium, and this is false. "The belief that markets tend toward equilibrium," he writes, "...is no better than Marxist dogma. Both ideologies cloak themselves in scientific guise in order to make themselves more acceptable, but the theories they invoke do not stand up to the test of reality." (p. 75) Soros calls this faulty approach "market fundamentalism."
I learned economic theory when I was a graduate student at Harvard. The central model I learned was called "general equilibrium (GE) theory," initiated by Walras in the late nineteenth century, and perfected in the mid-twentieth century by Debreu, Arrow, Hurwicz, Hahn, McKenzie and others. GE theory is the basic, underlying model in all of contemporary economic theory. It is highly abstract, but by carefully specifying the conditions under which market equilibrium obtains, it provides an analytical basis for understanding not only markets, but also market failures (cases where competitive markets cannot exist, or lead to socially inefficient outcomes). If one accepts this model, one then analyzes a real-world economy by assessing where the real economy deviates from the model, and what we might expect to occur in light of of this deviation. There is no assurance that this methodology will be successful (Google the Theory of the Second Best), but generally it is the best we have, and it appears to work well in practice.
At the time the architects of GE theory achieved their successes in the mid-twentieth century, which consisted of proving the existence of equilibrium under very general conditions, they fully expected that the theory would extend to proving stability and perhaps even uniqueness in the course of time. To illustrate just how far GE theory was from a plausible dynamic model, Walras had proposed that equilibrium would be achieved by having an "courtier" (broker) or "crieur" (crier) call out prices and adjust them according to the degree of excess demand or supply in each market, until equilibrium was achieved. The idea of what in English we call the "auctioneer" equilibrating a decentralized market economy is so bizarre and indeed absurd that leaving GE theory at this level would of course be highly embarrassing to economic theory. To add insult to injury, it was shown by Saari in 1985 and Bala and Majumdar in 1992, that even with an auctioneer, and with very generous auxiliary assumptions, general equilibrium prices would be unstable, and indeed chaotic. The fact is that to this day there is no plausible model of general equilibrium exhibiting dynamic stability.
It follows that there is absolutely no reason given by economic theory for anything like the "market fundamentalism" that Soros critiques. In particular, there is nothing in economic theory that suggests the impossibility, or even rarity, of crashes, bubbles, and meltdowns. Nothing, I stress, at all.
Nevertheless, I have noticed that despite the above undeniable truth, most economists are indeed market fundamentalists when it comes to issues of stability of equilibrium (they are not fundamentalists when it comes to market failure and the need to regulate the market economy, however). I still recall the moment I heard Alan Greenspan, former Federal Reserve Chairman tell Congress that "Those of us who have looked to the self-interest of lending institutions to protect shareholder's equity -- myself especially -- are in a state of shocked disbelief." I myself stood in shocked disbelief that a real economist, not some free-market crazy, could harbor such theoretically ill-founded beliefs. But, in fact, some of the most influential and perceptive economic theorists share this same believe. In their book Animal Spirits, for instance, Nobel prize winning economic George Akerlof and distinguished (and iconoclastic) Yale professor Robert Shiller, say that "if we thought that people were totally rational, and that they acted almost entirely out of economic motives, we too would believe that government should play little role in the regulation of financial markets, and perhaps even in determining the level of aggregate demand." (p. 173). This is a shockingly uninformed statement. There is nothing in economic theory that says that rational individuals interacting on markets will produce stable, efficient outcomes! The GE model, which is the general framework for investigating macroeconomic behavior on a theoretical level, says that if there are no market externalities, there are market-clearing equilibria that are Pareto-efficient. However, as has been long understood, this model has absolutely no attractive dynamical properties.
I conclude that Soros is correct, not in his critique of economic theory, but rather in his critique of market fundamentalism, the reigning ideology of mainstream economists. Where this ideology comes from, I do not know. I do not recall being taught it by my professors at Harvard, and I do not believe it is in the leading graduate microeconomic textbooks. This doctrine is indeed central to the "rational expectations" school of macroeconomics, and perhaps this is where the idea comes from. On the other hand, neither Greenspan nor Akerlof and Shiller belong to this school of thought, so the ideology is probably of more general proportions. For the record, Soros' critique of the rational expectations school in this book is quite cogent, and I am in complete agreement with him. Only an academic the Ivory Tower could place credence in so bizarre a theory.
Soros' own analysis of where economics went wrong is incorrect. Soros studied at the London School of Economics at a time when the old Marshallian tradition was prominent, and before the GE theory took hold. The Marshallian school analyzed single markets in terms of supply and demand, and assumed that the determinants of supply and demand were distinct, so the two schedules were independent. Soros attacks this notion by claiming interdependence of supply and demand, and he dead right. However, the GE model explicitly accepts this interdependence, without which it would be easy to supply analytically tractable dynamics and plausible stability conditions. However, the market economy is inextricably interconnected, and there is no possibility of treating demand and supply independently.
Soros thus incorrectly attributes "market fundamentalism" to economic theory, whereas in fact it is an aspect of the ideology of economists, not an implication of the GE theory that they learn and use. Because Soros has not studied modern economic theory, he attributes the ideology to an improper independence of supply and demand, which is a attributed of old-fashioned Marshallian theory, not modern GE theory.
Soros then goes on to propose an alternative that is geared to overcoming the independence of the two sides of the market. He does this by developing a philosophical system in which individuals interact with the world in both a "cognitive" and a "manipulative" manner, the first having the aim of understand, the second of influencing and changing. According to Soros' reasoning, the two functions can operate at cross-purposes. Most important, we can analyze the past using the cognitive function and intervene in the present using the manipulative function, which leads to a situation in which the future cannot be known. This two-way connection between facts and opinions Soros calls "reflectivity." Because of reflexivity, the economy involves fundamental uncertainty of form not recognized in standard economic theory. The impossibility of stability of equilibrium is due this reflexivity.
Soros' argument is too speculative for economists to take seriously. Economists work with models. Someone who does not like the GE model is obliged to find an alternative model that does a better job. Soros does not supply another model, so most economists will simply ignore him (given his business acumen, they will `respectfully' ignore him). However, I have worked in this area of the past six or seven years, and my research lends some serious support to his argument. Let me explain.
The GE model has no attractive dynamical properties, but the institutions it recognizes (markets, prices, consumers, producers, firms, money, capital goods, etc.) really exist and more or less operate the way the theory describes. The real world market economies show significant stochastic behavior (there are lots of more or less random fluctuations) but the fluctuations occur around an equilibrium condition that, while rarely attained, is more or less, on the average, approximated over the medium run, and which changes only in response to changes in underlying technology, resource availability, and consumer tastes. This indicated to me, as it does to Soros, is that the problem with the GE model is that it assumes individuals know too much, or rather, that they share too much knowledge. Rather, as stressed by the great economist Friedrich von Hayek, knowledge is distributed all over the economy, each individual economic actor only knowing a small part of the whole.
My reaction to this situation was to develop a computer model of the economy using what is called agent-based modeling. Read more ›
Soros' central claim is that traditional economic theory holds that competitive markets tend toward equilibrium, and this is false. "The belief that markets tend toward equilibrium," he writes, "...is no better than Marxist dogma. Both ideologies cloak themselves in scientific guise in order to make themselves more acceptable, but the theories they invoke do not stand up to the test of reality." (p. 75) Soros calls this faulty approach "market fundamentalism."
I learned economic theory when I was a graduate student at Harvard. The central model I learned was called "general equilibrium (GE) theory," initiated by Walras in the late nineteenth century, and perfected in the mid-twentieth century by Debreu, Arrow, Hurwicz, Hahn, McKenzie and others. GE theory is the basic, underlying model in all of contemporary economic theory. It is highly abstract, but by carefully specifying the conditions under which market equilibrium obtains, it provides an analytical basis for understanding not only markets, but also market failures (cases where competitive markets cannot exist, or lead to socially inefficient outcomes). If one accepts this model, one then analyzes a real-world economy by assessing where the real economy deviates from the model, and what we might expect to occur in light of of this deviation. There is no assurance that this methodology will be successful (Google the Theory of the Second Best), but generally it is the best we have, and it appears to work well in practice.
At the time the architects of GE theory achieved their successes in the mid-twentieth century, which consisted of proving the existence of equilibrium under very general conditions, they fully expected that the theory would extend to proving stability and perhaps even uniqueness in the course of time. To illustrate just how far GE theory was from a plausible dynamic model, Walras had proposed that equilibrium would be achieved by having an "courtier" (broker) or "crieur" (crier) call out prices and adjust them according to the degree of excess demand or supply in each market, until equilibrium was achieved. The idea of what in English we call the "auctioneer" equilibrating a decentralized market economy is so bizarre and indeed absurd that leaving GE theory at this level would of course be highly embarrassing to economic theory. To add insult to injury, it was shown by Saari in 1985 and Bala and Majumdar in 1992, that even with an auctioneer, and with very generous auxiliary assumptions, general equilibrium prices would be unstable, and indeed chaotic. The fact is that to this day there is no plausible model of general equilibrium exhibiting dynamic stability.
It follows that there is absolutely no reason given by economic theory for anything like the "market fundamentalism" that Soros critiques. In particular, there is nothing in economic theory that suggests the impossibility, or even rarity, of crashes, bubbles, and meltdowns. Nothing, I stress, at all.
Nevertheless, I have noticed that despite the above undeniable truth, most economists are indeed market fundamentalists when it comes to issues of stability of equilibrium (they are not fundamentalists when it comes to market failure and the need to regulate the market economy, however). I still recall the moment I heard Alan Greenspan, former Federal Reserve Chairman tell Congress that "Those of us who have looked to the self-interest of lending institutions to protect shareholder's equity -- myself especially -- are in a state of shocked disbelief." I myself stood in shocked disbelief that a real economist, not some free-market crazy, could harbor such theoretically ill-founded beliefs. But, in fact, some of the most influential and perceptive economic theorists share this same believe. In their book Animal Spirits, for instance, Nobel prize winning economic George Akerlof and distinguished (and iconoclastic) Yale professor Robert Shiller, say that "if we thought that people were totally rational, and that they acted almost entirely out of economic motives, we too would believe that government should play little role in the regulation of financial markets, and perhaps even in determining the level of aggregate demand." (p. 173). This is a shockingly uninformed statement. There is nothing in economic theory that says that rational individuals interacting on markets will produce stable, efficient outcomes! The GE model, which is the general framework for investigating macroeconomic behavior on a theoretical level, says that if there are no market externalities, there are market-clearing equilibria that are Pareto-efficient. However, as has been long understood, this model has absolutely no attractive dynamical properties.
I conclude that Soros is correct, not in his critique of economic theory, but rather in his critique of market fundamentalism, the reigning ideology of mainstream economists. Where this ideology comes from, I do not know. I do not recall being taught it by my professors at Harvard, and I do not believe it is in the leading graduate microeconomic textbooks. This doctrine is indeed central to the "rational expectations" school of macroeconomics, and perhaps this is where the idea comes from. On the other hand, neither Greenspan nor Akerlof and Shiller belong to this school of thought, so the ideology is probably of more general proportions. For the record, Soros' critique of the rational expectations school in this book is quite cogent, and I am in complete agreement with him. Only an academic the Ivory Tower could place credence in so bizarre a theory.
Soros' own analysis of where economics went wrong is incorrect. Soros studied at the London School of Economics at a time when the old Marshallian tradition was prominent, and before the GE theory took hold. The Marshallian school analyzed single markets in terms of supply and demand, and assumed that the determinants of supply and demand were distinct, so the two schedules were independent. Soros attacks this notion by claiming interdependence of supply and demand, and he dead right. However, the GE model explicitly accepts this interdependence, without which it would be easy to supply analytically tractable dynamics and plausible stability conditions. However, the market economy is inextricably interconnected, and there is no possibility of treating demand and supply independently.
Soros thus incorrectly attributes "market fundamentalism" to economic theory, whereas in fact it is an aspect of the ideology of economists, not an implication of the GE theory that they learn and use. Because Soros has not studied modern economic theory, he attributes the ideology to an improper independence of supply and demand, which is a attributed of old-fashioned Marshallian theory, not modern GE theory.
Soros then goes on to propose an alternative that is geared to overcoming the independence of the two sides of the market. He does this by developing a philosophical system in which individuals interact with the world in both a "cognitive" and a "manipulative" manner, the first having the aim of understand, the second of influencing and changing. According to Soros' reasoning, the two functions can operate at cross-purposes. Most important, we can analyze the past using the cognitive function and intervene in the present using the manipulative function, which leads to a situation in which the future cannot be known. This two-way connection between facts and opinions Soros calls "reflectivity." Because of reflexivity, the economy involves fundamental uncertainty of form not recognized in standard economic theory. The impossibility of stability of equilibrium is due this reflexivity.
Soros' argument is too speculative for economists to take seriously. Economists work with models. Someone who does not like the GE model is obliged to find an alternative model that does a better job. Soros does not supply another model, so most economists will simply ignore him (given his business acumen, they will `respectfully' ignore him). However, I have worked in this area of the past six or seven years, and my research lends some serious support to his argument. Let me explain.
The GE model has no attractive dynamical properties, but the institutions it recognizes (markets, prices, consumers, producers, firms, money, capital goods, etc.) really exist and more or less operate the way the theory describes. The real world market economies show significant stochastic behavior (there are lots of more or less random fluctuations) but the fluctuations occur around an equilibrium condition that, while rarely attained, is more or less, on the average, approximated over the medium run, and which changes only in response to changes in underlying technology, resource availability, and consumer tastes. This indicated to me, as it does to Soros, is that the problem with the GE model is that it assumes individuals know too much, or rather, that they share too much knowledge. Rather, as stressed by the great economist Friedrich von Hayek, knowledge is distributed all over the economy, each individual economic actor only knowing a small part of the whole.
My reaction to this situation was to develop a computer model of the economy using what is called agent-based modeling. Read more ›
Most Recent Customer Reviews
5.0 out of 5 stars
A free thinker
Can we observe the market objectively, being participants as well? What is reflexivity, and why is it a must to understand it? Read more
Published 4 months ago by eqtbooks
4.0 out of 5 stars
Perspective provides a particular point of view
Soros rehashes his theory of reflexivity, but in a more comprehensible manner in trying to explain what went on in the lead-up to 2008. Read more
Published 4 months ago by Michael L. Sternad
5.0 out of 5 stars
Thoughts of a market guru
If you never read a book from Soros, you should! The idea of reflexivity is very fascinating and seeing how this great mind thinks is also.
Published 6 months ago by G.P.
2.0 out of 5 stars
One trader trading
I came to this book with no animus toward George Soros. His status as bęte noire of the Right, blamed for pushing America toward socialism, is mostly lost on me. Read more
Published 8 months ago by Jean E. Pouliot
1.0 out of 5 stars
Dreadful
I had to read this book for school and it was painful. The second half got better but unless you're an economist I would avoid at all costs!
Published 10 months ago by Kristin M Shaffer
3.0 out of 5 stars
Crash of 2008 From a Billionaires Point of view
Written from the viewpoint of someone who makes money from distressed markets. In my opinion, not anywhere near the insight provided by Thomas Sowell in the Housing Boom and... Read more
Published 14 months ago by John Whitten
4.0 out of 5 stars
Soros's theory of the world
As my title suggests, this review is much more about George Soros's view of the world, and specifically financial markets, than anything else. Read more
Published 22 months ago by Ashish Singal
2.0 out of 5 stars
Soros overreaches
To begin with, there's no doubt that George Soros is a brilliant investors. His insights into global markets have made him and those who have planted their money with him rich. Read more
Published 23 months ago by A.I. 8706
4.0 out of 5 stars
Decent introduction to Soros's financial theories
The New Paradigm is a decent introduction to George Soros and his philosophy of how the financial markets work. Read more
Published 23 months ago by Charles Lewis Sizemore, CFA
4.0 out of 5 stars
the most interesting takeaway, imho...
George Soros is not a journalist or philosopher by profession, and the book reads more like a competent report or prospectus than a piece of entertaining, commercial journalism. Read more
Published on March 8, 2011 by Philip Freihofner
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