The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East [Paperback]

Robert Fisk (Author)

Book Description

Release date: February 13, 2007 | ISBN-10: 1400075173 | ISBN-13: 978-1400075171

A sweeping and dramatic history of the last half century of conflict in the Middle East from an award-winning journalist who has covered the region for over thirty years, The Great War for Civilisation unflinchingly chronicles the tragedy of the region from the Algerian Civil War to the Iranian Revolution; from the American hostage crisis in Beirut to the Iran-Iraq War; from the 1991 Gulf War to the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. A book of searing drama as well as lucid, incisive analysis, The Great War for Civilisation is a work of major importance for today's world.

Editorial Reviews

From Publishers Weekly

Starred Review. Combining a novelist's talent for atmosphere with a scholar's grasp of historical sweep, foreign correspondent Fisk (Pity the Nation: The Abduction of Lebanon) has written one of the most dense and compelling accounts of recent Middle Eastern history yet. The book opens with a deftly juxtaposed account of Fisk's two interviews with Osama bin Laden. In the first, held in Sudan in 1993, bin Laden declared himself "a construction engineer and an agriculturist." He had no time to train mujahideen, he said; he was busy constructing a highway. In the second, held four years later in Afghanistan, he declared war on the Saudi royal family and America.Fisk, who has lived in and reported on the Middle East since 1976, first for the (London) Times and now for the Independent, possesses deep knowledge of the broader history of the region, which allows him to discuss the Armenian genocide 90 years ago, the 2002 destruction of Jenin, and the battlefields of Iraq with equal aplomb. But it is his stunning capacity for visceral description—he has seen, or tracked down firsthand accounts of, all the major events of the past 25 years—that makes this volume unique. Some of the chapters contain detailed accounts of torture and murder, which more squeamish readers may be inclined to skip, but such scenes are not gratuitous. They are designed to drive home Fisk's belief that "war is primarily not about victory or defeat but about death and the infliction of death." Though Fisk's political stances may sometimes be controversial, no one can deny that this volume is a stunning achievement. (Nov.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. --This text refers to the Hardcover edition.

Review

"A magisterial report from the shifting front lines of the Middle East. It deserves to be read by all those concerned with what is happening in Iraq today." —The Boston Globe“A stimulating and absorbing book, by a man who . . . has met the leading players, from bin Laden to Ahmad Chalabi. . . . A formidable production.” —The New York Times Book Review“Vivid, graphic, intense. . . . A book of unquestionable importance. . . . [Fisk’s] experience of war is unmatched, [as is] his capacity to convey that experience in concrete, passionate language.” —The Washington Post Book World“Fisk’s magnum opus. . . . Seals [his] place as a venerable, indispensable contributor to informed debate in and about the Middle East.” —The Nation“Powerful . . . Mr. Fisk is a gifted writer and an accomplished storyteller . . . his love affair with the region and the glamorous profession of being a foreign correspondent finds expression on every page.” —The Economist

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Product Details

• Paperback: 1136 pages
• Publisher: Vintage (February 13, 2007)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1400075173
• ISBN-13: 978-1400075171
• Product Dimensions: 6.1 x 1.9 x 9.2 inches
• Shipping Weight: 2.4 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
• Average Customer Review: 4.5 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (169 customer reviews)
• Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #52,209 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
  • #60 in Books > Politics & Social Sciences > Politics & Government > International & World Politics > Middle Eastern
  • #79 in Books > Politics & Social Sciences > Politics & Government > Specific Topics > Terrorism

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Most Helpful Customer Reviews

185 of 191 people found the following review helpful

5.0 out of 5 stars brilliant historical analyses, moving memoir, and howl of outrage January 12, 2007

By Robert J. Crawford TOP 1000 REVIEWER

Format:Hardcover

If you are like me, once you've established your basic opinion on something, you tend to skim the newspapers on the subject, often only reading headlines and maybe the first few paragraphs. So it has been with me and the Middle East conflicts over the last 30 years. However, every so often, a book like this comes out that is so deep, so excellent, and so challenging that it will wipe out all my cozy assumptions and ignite an interest that will carry me for several years at a minimum.

I read this over a period of months with a mixture of fascination and revulsion. It is in my opinion a literary masterpiece by a courageous reporter who is also a true intellectual, steeped in history as well as the stories of people that great journalists seek like air or food. There are so many levels to this book that a review cannot do it justice, but I will try.

First, there is the autobiographical side of this, where Fisk explains his obsession with war and injustice and man's inhumanity to man - it originated with his conflict with his father, a WWI veteran, which leads to his search for the truth and the need to document the lives of those who suffer. At times very moving, always vivid, this in many ways is the core of the book's theme.

Second, there are the historical analyses of conflicts starting with WWI and its aftermath - the Balfour Declaration - that saw the carve-up of the Ottoman Empire and the beginnings of the modern Middle East. This covers a huge range of countries, from Algeria to Turkey and Iran. You can see the roots of where the conflct started with the end of Turkish authority, how it got complicated by decolonization and the establishment of Israel, and how it has evolved into an increasingly murderous direction.... Because of the superficial grasp I had of the history, I learned a tremendous amount from this, including from the first systematic account of the Armenian genocide, to the civil wars in virtually all the rest of the countries covered. Not everything is covered, however, only what Fisk investigated on assignment. In a sense, he is showing how similar the recent actions - even the rhetoric - of Bush are to the first forays of European imperialists in the 1920s.

Third, there is a political analysis of the root of the current crisis that increasingly pits the US and Israel against the Moslem world. In a nutshell that badly oversimplifies, Fisk argues that the US has always taken Israel's side uncriticially and unequivocably, which Moslems have taken as unfair and inimical to their causes and civilization; the West always makes expedient promises that it never intends to keep, while allowing the Israelis free rein to be as brutal as they wish with the Palestinians. This, Fisk argues, has contributed to their hostility to the West, even to terrorism. Fisk also laments how this cannot even be questionned - he recounts how often he is often accused of anti-semitism for opinions contrary to the pro-Israeli view. Agree or disagree, this gets you to think more deeply than one is accustomed to about this conflict, if your major source is American newspapers, that is.

Fourth, this book is a critique of his profession, which now largely has been "embedded" with US soldiers in the Irak conflict. Here he sets a high standard indeed, recounting his adventures and near death experiences while doing his job - he was attacked by a mob in Afghanistan, which the Wall Street Journal said he deserved for his "self hatred", that is, his critical comments of Bush's policies! I was shocked to learn that CNN now requires its experts on the scene to submit all comments in advance for "approval" by editors in the US, though had suspected it was like that given how canned CNN has come to sound. While praising a few, Fisk also takes many to task for laxness and sleazy intrigues to their own advantage. In particular, he is very hard on American journalists, most of whom he sees as uncritical and even tendentious in their coverage.

Fifth, there are trenchant analyses of recent events that are as provocative as they are shocking. For example, Fisk believes that the Rabin-Arafat Oslo accords were so slanted in Israel's favor that it was doomed to fail, which really shocked me as it had been universally hailed in the newspapers I read as the best peace possible, etc. But there is also the Algerian revoltes of the 1990s, Beirut, of course, and the many wars of the lsat 30 years. In one section, he gives a fascinating analysis on the relation of Saudi Arabia's brand of conservative Islam, Wahabism, with the Taliban's ideology. It was all a perspective new to me and exactly what I was hoping to find. This includes an analysis of the language and rhetoric used to describe events, which Fisk argues shape not only the way we see things but policy options. For example, in labelling people "terrorists" they become totally indefensible, deserving to be killed by military means; however, as he shows over and over, this label is not consistently applied and used as a substitute for thinking and ends any possibliy of negotiation or conciliation.

Finally, there are amazing personal stories he finds, which make it into mainstream news, from interviews with Bin Laden to a fascinating inquiry to find who manufactured the missiles that killed innocent Palestinians. The book is packed with stories like these far too numerous to count. They can be tragic and cruel, meaningless deaths at the hands of those who are rarely punished.

All in all, reading this was wonderful. He covers the last 30 years in detail, roughly coinciding with the time that I became an obsessive follower of current events. So it is like a review of everything I read about - too quickly - in the Middle East over that time. Every page made me think more deeply on the area than I have in a long time, food for thought that will last me a long long time. Now I will have to read more....much more.

Warmly recommended. Fisk in my view is equally hard on everyone from an ethical point of view and is not biased as he has been accused of being. I will add his newspaper, the Independent, to my list of daily must skims!

Note: I have learned that Fisk is unpopular with his fellow journalists. Several of them who know him - and admit there is a lot of professional jealousy about him - have told me that he is known for making things up or embellishing. While I cannot prove this one way or the other, my sense is that his writing rings true. Read more ›

72 of 76 people found the following review helpful

5.0 out of 5 stars Journalism's Jiminy Cricket January 11, 2006

By Stephen A. Haines HALL OF FAMEVINE™ VOICE

Format:Hardcover

"Always let your conscience be your guide", sang Disney's dapper little bug. Robert Fisk adopts this theme in this monumental history of the modern Middle East. Prompted by a World War I soldier father's actions and admonitions, Fisk's sense of justice outweighs that mighty rock sitting at the gate to the Mediterranean Sea. As he travelled from "the Med's" shores to Afghanistan, Egypt, Palestine and other states, he watched the growing unrest and resentment as the last world empire retreated to Downing Street and a new one emerged from the shores of the Potomac. With rising anger and no little resentment of his own, he records the sufferings of ordinary people as these empires played nations and their leaders as pawns in what the British Empire deemed "The Great Game". In graphic, and sometimes disturbing prose, he portrays how fear became the catalyst to inflict pain without reason or justice.

It would have been easy for Fisk to simply stack up his notes and have them bound as a volume of essays. Instead, he approaches his task by depicting the recent history of a locale. Afghanistan, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Palestine - the list is a detailed tour of a land deemed by history "The Cradle of Civilization" - hence his derived title. Each nation's recent history is reviewed. It's a sorry tale of interference from "outsiders", whether Christian West or Communist North. Centre to the tale is the imposition of the State of Israel on Palestine by the Balfour Declaration following the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. The continuing presence of British and French "mandated" authorities remained a festering irritant to the Muslim populations. An uprising in Iraq in 1920 against the British presaged another, much later, "insurgency" which Fisk recounts in vivid detail....

The journalist in Fisk mostly kept him away from "leaders" except when necessary. Instead, he travels among the general populace, recording their fears, hopes, and all too often, griefs. That close and direct contact nearly cost Fisk his life when a refugee Afghan child identified him as "Mr Bush". That brought rocks, fists and kicking feet. Fisk was saved by an Afghan "Good Samaritan" who took him to a police truck. His reporting of the event was typical of a man who'd spent so much time recording the impact of selfish policies and mindless actions by the Western Powers. Like his rescuer, he forgave his attackers. He knew well what the Afghans had endured during the Russian occupation, Taliban domination and now the bombardment of villages and farms to rid their nation of "terrorists".

The response to his account regrettably typified what journalism had become at the beginning of the 21st Century. Instead of applauding his escape and his willingness to risk violence for a story, Western commentators jeered and vilified Fisk. Mark Steyn of "The Wall Street Journal" typified what Western journalists had become. By absolving the Afghans who resented the American presence in their country, Fisk, according to Steyn, had by association absolved the men who'd crashed airliners into the World Trade Centre on 2001-09-11. Fisk had been among the few writers who'd tried to explain what feelings might have led to such an act, while condemning it as a crime against humanity. Readers and other journalists didn't want explanations, they wanted revenge. The cost of that vengeance, Fisk contends, is the killing and maiming of thousands of innocent civilians - far more than died in the collapsing towers.

Fisk is clear on the fallacies and fabrications underlying the "Bush Crusade" into Iraq. He's even more vivid on its likely enduring results. The Iraqis, once victims of a Baath Party rule he vigorously condemns, now suffer a foreign occupation they neither wished nor will tolerate. He describes how manipulation of the words "terror" and "terrorist" has given the United States and Britain their excuse to commandeer the rich oil reserves under Iraq's deserts. By describing anybody who opposes their intrusion as "terrorist", in the same way that Israel could label Palestinians objecting to the colonisation of their lands, any act of suppression in justified. If air strikes or tank attacks kill civilians, whether armed or not, the dead are quickly deemed "terrorists" - even the children whose mangled bodies are part of the "body count" no "coalition" official will make. The media, he argues, not only fails to challenge these tactics, but willingly adopts them into their own accounts, furthering the deception and transforming it into common language.

It is the accounts of these innocent dead that inflate this book - giving it the size bemoaned by some reviewers. That plaint can only remind one of the Director of the Vienna Opera on Mozart's work - "too many notes". Are there too many words in this book? What would you excise: Fisk's account of his father's impact on his life? The stories of the dead or wounded in the Middle East resulting from ideological conflicts or repressive governments? Should we not read of Israel's standing aside while refugees are slaughtered, or US jets razing Baghdad streets? There is clearly nothing here deserving deletion. Indeed, it is among the most important "must read" books to appear. Do so and learn what has been kept hidden. [stephen a. haines - Ottawa, Canada] Read more ›

83 of 92 people found the following review helpful

5.0 out of 5 stars Fisk's definitive work November 18, 2005

By A Lump Of Green Slime

Format:Hardcover

I think this mammoth but absorbing book will eventually be regarded as the definitive journalistic work on recent Middle Eastern history and politics. In it, Fisk comes across more as a Wilfrid Owen of prose than some left-wing ideologue. What I also like about his writing is that it shows up all the main protagonists (Bush, Blair, Sharon, Arafat, Hamas, Hezbollah,Islamic Jihad, Shin Bet, Hussein, the Shah of Iran, Khomeni and so on) for what they are or were: as bad as each other. And that's what infuriates the different supporters of this motley bunch, isn't it? Nobody gets to claim the moral high ground.

117 of 133 people found the following review helpful

5.0 out of 5 stars Outstanding book on the Middle East November 11, 2005

By Larry R. Thorn

Format:Hardcover

I'm close to halfway through this title. Although the page count is somewhat daunting, I have never picked it up and not become immediately engrossed.

Not a book for the faint-of-heart, as it describes many war scenes and tales of torture and mayhem. Perhaps the strongest parts of the book are when Fisk reports from his personal experiences in the Middle East. The writing is always superb, and my admiration for the writer grows by the page.

49 of 54 people found the following review helpful

5.0 out of 5 stars A brave and honest book from a brave and honest man March 9, 2006

By Dr. J. Monro

Format:Hardcover

Robert Fisk's book is big, 1.5 kg big. It is his meticulously researched, and detailed exposition of what make the Middle East the mess it is now, and which he has personally experienced in the last thirty years since first being posted to Beirut as the foreign correspondent for The Times in 1976.

Reading this book, and it weighs one and a half kilos, is like being personally beaten over the head with it by Robert Fisk himself - the message is persistent and insistent, and it is painful. Take that, John, and that and that, says Robert - that's what happens when we keeping meddling in the Middle East. OK? John, Get it?  -  ok, OK -  Robert, stop hitting me like that - ouch-  do it to Blair or Bush, please  - ouch -  I agree with you, I've got the message -  the Middle East is a mess - Western meddling over many years has made it much more of a mess - we should get out of the region and leave the Middle East to sort its mess itself, if it can. OK. OK. Thank you, Robert. 

I read the book over several weeks, it is not one continuous narrative, it moves from place to place and back and forward in time in succeeding chapters, so it is perfectly possible to dip into each chapter as a separate item, without compromising the book's intention or worth. Although I have made fun about the size of this magnum opus, unlike most long books which are merely discursive or self-indulgent, the size is a logical and necessary result of the sheer amount of evidence presented in regard to the misfortunes of this region, and which in turn brings this book its irresistible force.... As one reads, it becomes ever harder to argue against Robert Fisk's compelling and insistent premise, that the Middle East is a mess because, starting with the breakup of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War, the West's relationship with the Middle East has been one characterised by generations of meddling, betrayals, hypocrisy, aggression, war, arrogance, racism, greed and disdain. In country after country, year after year, generation after generation, this same imperialistic ethos is inflicted on those unfortunate citizens, it doesn't seem to matter if it is America, Britain, France or Russia doing the dirty, the methods are the same, the results the same. I doubt if any ordinary, but humane and sympathetic person, who's lifetime of experience is rooted in the ordinary matters of everyday life, its generally mild trials and tribulations but its mostly simple and contented existence, could, having read to the end of this book, come away from the experience without feelings of sadness, revulsion, anger, impotence, and shame. Shame from the fact that it is, in great measure, our greed for the land and for the oil resources of the Middle East, that has brought this area of the world to its present pass.

This is not to state, and Robert Fisk does not state this either, that there is no blame at all to people of this region themselves. The Armenian holocaust, for instance, which Robert Fisk covers, the cruelty and implacability of some strict Moslem codes, the tyranny of Sadam, the cruelty of the Algerian civil war, the low place of women, the backward looking nature of so much of their society. But it might help to remember that it was less than two generations ago that black people in America gained some measure of equality and respect, but even now can hardly be said to be equal, and it is not much over one lifetime ago that women got the vote, and that many of the measures that went to making working life tolerable in industrial society were only gained after much strife during the years of the recently completed last century. There is little in Moslem society that can't progress as we have, if we encourage it (and not by using a big stick).

But what we have done, and what Robert Fisk amply proves (except to the ignorant, who won't read this book anyway) is that we, as representatives of the Western advanced countries, and here I also include Russia, have caused such grief, misery, hardship, resentment and abiding hatred, that a small number of Moslems, and recall there are over one billion Moslems worldwide, have felt compelled to take up arms and struggle against their enemy. It has been Robert Fisk's task in this book to demonstrate to us, again and again, why it is a logical position for a moslem in these countries to see us as an enemy. As he says, treating the 11th September attacks as merely the murderous intent of a few mad and mindless extremists and terrorists, and not even attempting to examine an underlying cause, is like a policeman investigating a murder and not being interested in the motive. There is no true understanding of the nature of extremism without this intellectual exercise being undertaken. Bush, Blair and Howard have not bothered to do this. The media too have not bothered to do this, even though it is their duty to do so. The result of this is that we are locked in a perpetual war with no possibility of it ending, just as Israel and Palestine have been locked in their conflict for the last fifty years.

I am not here going to attempt any sort of resumé of the book, you must read it yourself. But it is worth mentioning that Robert Fisk starts with the First World War, and his father's place in this, and the visits that he took to the cemeteries of northern France and Belgium, taking young Robert with him. On the back of one of Robert Fisk's fathers medals, was inscribed what is now the title of the book. He also shows how much the present problems in the Middle East relate to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, and the imperial ambitions of France, the UK and other powers in this region. One of the recurring themes of this book is how history keeps repeating itself, with the same tragic consequences. Robert Fisk quotes part of a proclamation by FS Maude, Lt. General in the Commanding British Forces in Iraq in 1917. "But you, the people of Baghdad, are not to understand that it is the wish of the British Government to impose upon you alien institutions. The British army came in peace, all 600,000 of them, but were to find Iraq a quagmire, in exactly the same way as the Anglo-American invasion of 2003 have now found. Laurence of Arabia said this in 1920 "The people of England have been led in Mesopotamia into a trap from which it will be hard to escape with dignity and honour. They have been tricked into it by a steady withholding of information. The Baghdad communiques are belated, insincere, incomplete. Things have been far worse than we have been told, our administration more bloody and inefficient then the public knows.....We are not far from disaster. . Unchanged, these words would now apply eighty-five years later. It has been Robert Fisk's mission to lift the veil of deceit that now applies in Iraq and the other unfortunate countries of the Middle East. In this he amply succeeds.

Robert Fisk is one of my heros. His book merely confirms this status. Robert Fisk has over the years been to every trouble-spot in the Middle East, and other Moslem countries - so he has personal and distressing experience of the Lebanon, where he has lived for most of the last thirty years, Palestine, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Algeria, Jordan, Syria and elsewhere. He has seen more death and destruction in his life than would have many soldiers in combat. Yet he seems to have had the mental toughness to deal with this; he mostly allows the description of the horrors he has witnessed speak to us through his words, and he sets them against a background of mayhem that arises from our intrusions and aggression, much more so than it is merely something tragic and cruel arising from the problems of Moslem society itself . When the generals talk of "colateral damage", Fisk talks of dismembered bodies, eyeless children and limbless victims, many of whom he names. However, I think it would be true to say that the polemical nature of this book becomes more apparent with each passing page, that the anger, the frustration and the horror become a more obvious part of the writing. The increasingly wearying despair that Robert Fisk develops is reflected in the reader's mood, because this book is not an easy read, it is indeed thoroughly depressing.

In the Iran-Iraq war (when the west supported Sadam Hussein, remember), over a million died. 500,000 Iraqi children died during the Iraq sanctions, 100,000 have died since the start of the Iraq war. Over 2,000 US servicemen and women have died. Over 200 billion dollars have been squandered on this pointless and illegal war, and still Bush wants more. This book is Robert Fisk's testament. He is a truly brave and humane person. I have been listening to Robert for some years, I just wish those in power in the West would have done the same. Read more ›