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The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe [Hardcover]

Frank Close
4.3 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (29 customer reviews)

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Book Description

November 29, 2011 0465021441 978-0465021444
Speculation is rife that by 2012 the elusive Higgs boson will be found at the Large Hadron Collider. If found, the Higgs boson would help explain why everything has mass. But there’s more at stake—what we’re really testing is our capacity to make the universe reasonable.

Our best understanding of physics is predicated on something known as quantum field theory. Unfortunately, in its raw form, it doesn’t make sense—its outputs are physically impossible infinite percentages when they should be something simpler, like the number 1. The kind of physics that the Higgs boson represents seeks to “renormalize” field theory, forcing equations to provide answers that match what we see in the real world.

The Infinity Puzzle is the story of a wild idea on the road to acceptance. Only Close can tell it.


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The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe + The Particle at the End of the Universe: How the Hunt for the Higgs Boson Leads Us to the Edge of a New World + Higgs: The Invention and Discovery of the God Particle
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Editorial Reviews

Review

Kirkus Reviews
“Close chronicles the search for the elusive Higgs Boson particle (the ‘God Particle’)…. Throughout, the author chronicles the winners and losers in the annual Nobel sweepstakes, giving them recognition for their achievements and providing a lively thread for readers.”

Peter Higgs, Emeritus Professor of Physics, The University of Edinburgh
“It is a pleasure to read a book on recent advances in our understanding of the structure of matter by an author who not only understands the subject but also takes care to investigate conflicting accounts of how these advances came about.”
 
Steve Nadis, coauthor of The Shape of Inner Space
“As someone who can deftly explain abstruse quantum field theory to a lay reader, Frank Close is a rarity among physicists. Rarer still, he knows how to weave a compelling tale—that of the ‘infinity problem,’ which has bedeviled the field of quantum electrodynamics and subsequent attempts to unify the forces of nature. The result is a great scientific whodunit, replete with a large, engaging cast of characters, behind-the-scenes maneuvering, and unexpected twists and turns. Here is proof that Close belongs among the very first rank of scientist-authors. I strongly recommend The Infinity Puzzle.”
 
Dan Hooper, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and University of Chicago; author of Dark Cosmos and Nature’s Blueprint
“The development of quantum field theory is among the very greatest achievements of humankind, on par with those of Einstein, Newton and Darwin. Frank Close introduces these difficult ideas with a rare clarity and simplicity.  Anyone who wants to understand why we built the LHC and what we hope to learn from it should read this book.”
 
Booklist
“[Close’s] presentation lucidly acquaints readers with physicists’ quest for the Higgs boson (theorized to cause mass) that Europe’s Large Hadron Collider was built to find.” 
 
Nature
“[A] fascinating book…. [A] compelling history and sociology of modern particle theory. We discover the motivations and achievements of a rich cast of brilliant individuals, and get enough of the science to grasp what they were trying to do. Where Close really shines is in exposing the fraught process of recognition in science…. Close’s history of the field is engaging and gives insight into how great theories are created.”
 
New Scientist
“[A] thoroughly researched and well-crafted narrative…. [Close] focuses on the triumphs and failures of the physicists behind the equations, providing a realistic view of how theoretical physics really progresses – the all-too-human endeavour fraught with personal ambitions, rivalries, alliances, errors and plain historical accident…. It’s refreshing to read a popular physics book that doesn’t revisit the same well-trodden ground of so many before it.”
 
BBC Focus
“[A] masterpiece…. Close has done his homework thoroughly, interviewing just about all the protagonists that are still alive and going back to original source material for his facts, which often contradict the memories of even the most reliable of those survivors…. This book is essential reading—I never normally give five stars, but for this I’ll make an exception.”

The American Scholar
“The book brims with charming anecdotes about particle physics between the 1950s and 1980s, when breakthroughs came almost too fast to be comprehended and every scientist seemed to be maneuvering (and occasionally begging) for Nobel prizes. But the book also plumbs the origins of modern physics, especially troubles with the concept of infinity.”

Peter Woit, Not Even Wrong
“[A] fascinating new book…. Knowing the history of a subject has always seemed to me an integral part of really understanding it, so I’d argue that anyone who wants to really understand modern particle physics should spend some time with a book like this…. [I]f like me, you’re fascinated by this history and want to learn something new about it, go out and get a copy soon.”

Publishers Weekly
“Close voyages through the major scientific discoveries in high energy physics that began in 1928, when Paul Dirac married quantum mechanics with Special Relativity, laying the basis for the major technical advances from which we benefit in today’s digital world. Along the way we meet some major figures in the field whose breakthroughs have illuminated the deepest mysteries of physics and cosmology, resulting in an engrossing history that’s also accessible for a general audience.”

Alan Boyle, MSNBC.com’s Cosmic Log
“In his new book…, Oxford physicist Frank Close reviews decades’ worth of brain-teasing theories and looks ahead to puzzles yet to be solved…. Close’s tale illustrates that the course of true science doesn’t always run smooth. It may well turn out that the long-sought Higgs boson is a will-o’-the-wisp, and physicists will have to go back to square one. But even that won’t render The Infinity Puzzle out of date.”
 
American Scientist
“[An] intriguing tale…. a treasure trove.”
 
Chad Orzel, Uncertain Principles
“[A]bsolutely fascinating…. a highly readable and detailed history of what is arguably the best-tested theory in the history of science. …If you’re interested in what we know to be true about the universe and how it works, and how we put that knowledge together, I highly recommend this book.”
 
MAA Reviews
“Superb …. The Infinity Puzzle presents in light and fetching prose a (and you should pardon the pun) close-up of a wonderful set of episodes in contemporary science centered around one of the single most beautiful edifices of modern theoretical physics, quantum field theory, and leading up to the hottest example of big science to be found on the globe today.”
 
Discovery News
“Close’s book veers from the usual popular science treatment of the topic to focus on quantum field theory, described as ‘our best understanding of physics’—and yet very few folks outside of physics have a clear grasp of what it is, and why it’s so significant. A great read for those who’ve been following the Higgs story closely and are intrigued by some of the deeper questions.”
 
Manjit Kumar, author of Quantum
“The nature of the problem, how it was solved, and the inevitable jostling for Nobel Prizes are major themes of Close’s gripping and extensively researched narrative history of particle physics over the last sixty years…. Close has succeeded in humanising a dramatic era of physics in what is my science book of the year…. ‘Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand,’ William Blake wrote in the Auguries of Innocence. Frank Close does a fabulous job of reconstructing how physicists like Feynman and ’t Hooft managed to do exactly that.”

Ars Technica  
The Infinity Puzzle is eminently readable. It has no equations—only a few Feynman diagrams—and a glossary in the back so you don’t get your bosons confused with your hadrons…. All of the luminaries of twentieth century particle physics are here, along with many unsung heroes whose contributions Dr. Close explains and puts into context so they can be better appreciated by a public hitherto ignorant of their work…. [T]he entire book is a very manageable introduction to quantum physics for those who are interested in, but possibly intimidated by, understanding the inner workings of the fabric of our Universe.”

Science News 
“Building the standard model, the flagship theory of modern particle physics, was no mean task. It took decades of painstaking work to bring the forces and elementary particles that make up the universe together in a single framework (which still doesn’t include gravity). Close, a theoretical physicist, chronicles this history from an insider’s perspective…. the story doesn’t unfold as a simple, clearly developing line of thought. Instead, the reader witnesses scientific progress in all its real-world messiness. It’s a comedy of errors at times, full of dead ends, missed opportunities and ideas that lie dormant for years, unproven or unnoticed.”
 
The Economist
“Mr Close, an accomplished particle physicist in his own right, enjoyed unprecedented access to all the principal players, many of whom he either knows well or, like Mr Higgs, has spoken to at length. He also appears to have left no relevant academic paper, no conference proceedings, memoir or other publicly available source unturned. This painstaking attention to historical detail yields many gems…. Mr Close’s magisterial work is sure to become the definitive account of the story. It offers no unambiguous advice to the Nobel committee. But the judges would be wise to give it a thorough read anyway.”
CHOICE
“A detailed and compelling account of advances in particles physics over the last 60 years. Close’s distinguished caree...

About the Author

Frank Close is a Professor of Theoretical Physics at Oxford University and Fellow and Tutor in Physics at Exeter College, Oxford. He is the winner of the Kelvin Medal for the public understanding of physics and the author of ten books. He lives in Abingdon, England.

Product Details

  • Hardcover: 448 pages
  • Publisher: Basic Books (November 29, 2011)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0465021441
  • ISBN-13: 978-0465021444
  • Product Dimensions: 6.1 x 1.5 x 9.2 inches
  • Shipping Weight: 1.6 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
  • Average Customer Review: 4.3 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (29 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #91,550 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

More About the Author

Frank Close, OBE, is Professor of Physics at Oxford University and a Fellow of Exeter College. He was formerly vice president of the British Association for Advancement of Science and Head of the Theoretical Physics Division at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. He is the author of several books, including the best-selling Lucifer's Legacy, and the winner of the Kelvin Medal of the Institute of Physics for his "outstanding contributions to the public understanding of physics."

Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews
115 of 118 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars The hunting of the infinities November 19, 2011
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
The theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED) which describes the interaction of light and matter is the most accurate theory in all of science, providing almost unbelievably accurate agreement with experiment. Yet in the middle of the twentieth century the theory was in a deep crisis. Calculations of even the simplest of events in the subatomic world, like the absorption and emission of a photon by an electron, seemed to give nonsensical infinite results that flew in the face of finite values from experiment. These infinities dotted the landscape of physics like ugly tumors, leading some to believe that physics was fundamentally on the wrong track. But hope was at hand. It took a whole post-war breed of brilliant young scientists to invent an ingenious set of tricks collectively called "renormalization" to get rid of these infinities and restore the theory to a complete form. Renormalization not only axed the infinities in QED but became the test that any fundamental theory of physics had to pass before being deemed acceptable. In a stunning set of successes, it was applied to the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces and then to the strong force holding protons and neutrons together. In this book Frank Close tells us how all this happened.

Close's book is not only a clear description of renormalization but is also probably the most detailed popular history of post-war particle physics that I have read. Close starts with QED and how its brilliant expositors like Julian Schwinger and Richard Feynman developed renormalization techniques to exorcise its infinities. After this, the major part of the book deals with comprehensively describing one of the great triumphs of modern physics - the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces by Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam. This theory had to be again shown to be renormalizable, a momentous feat that was achieved by Dutch physicists Gerard 't Hooft and Martin Veltman. Along the way we are also treated to a fast-paced account of developments leading to the conjecture of the Higgs boson which was originally proposed to explain the difference in masses between the carriers of the electroweak force (the massive Z and W bosons) and the electromagnetic force (the massless photon). And finally Close describes one of the last pieces of the subatomic puzzle, the unraveling of the strong force inside atomic nuclei and the structure of protons and neutrons. These developments capping the understanding of the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions paved the way to the creation of the Standard Model of particle physics, the crowning glory of physics that encompasses all known particles and forces except gravity and predicts the Higgs boson.

However, the most fascinating aspect of Close's book in my opinion is not the lucid description of these technical details but the way it sheds light on both the nature of discovery and most importantly, the human side of science. As Close himself says, science as it appears to the public seems to consist of a few heroes marching resolutely on a linear trajectory to the truth. But as he marvelously documents, the truth is very different and way more messy and non-linear. Science is as much an unpredictable human drama as an exploration of nature's secrets. In every part of the story we see fallible human beings with all their ambitions, prejudices and flaws. There are lots of cases where scientists give up promising leads because of unfavorable remarks or neglect by others and have their discoveries scooped up later by fellow scientists who then win a Nobel Prize. We also read about the Nobel Laureate P. W. Anderson using insights from a very different field (superconductivity) to make key contributions to the ideas leading to the Higgs. Then there are little-known brilliant scientists like J. C. Ward and Ronald Shaw who have their fundamental ideas ignored because they are relatively unknown junior researchers who are lower in the hierarchy. Nobel Prizes are eagerly sought after, narrowly missed and even lobbied for. Sometimes one can see the almost eerie simultaneous germination of ideas in multiple minds, with some of them blossoming under the right circumstances and others fizzling out because of lack of interest or context. In many such cases, so many people end up contributing to a discovery in so many different ways that assigning credit becomes difficult or impossible. For instance, although Higgs's name is attached to the famous particle, it's clear that at least five others independently had the same ideas. Furthermore, in almost every case that Close documents, there are mutually conflicting accounts by scientists of the exact time, place and source leading to the conception of a key idea. Chance encounters and fortuitous attendances at the right scientific meetings seem to contribute to scientists' thought processes to a disproportionate extent. To his credit Close goes into considerable detail when describing all this and it's truly incredible to realize by reading his account how messy, haphazard and subject to sheer luck the actual process of scientific discovery is. Far from being the sure path to knowledge often depicted by the media, science resembles a zigzag, unpredictable climb over hills and valleys obscured by fog.

Yet the beauty of it is that the truth, whatever it is, is surely out there, and an alert and intelligent mind can recognize it through hard-work, curiosity and mathematical prowess. The emphasis on the latter is especially clear in the book, and it's remarkable to realize the almost terrifying power of mathematics that allowed scientists to conjecture the existence of new fundamental particles of nature through sheer thought alone. In many cases it took fifteen or twenty years before these particles were actually found by experiment. The history of particle physics in this sense shows us what the human mind is capable of.

As Close tells us in the end, these adventures are far from over. The last part of the book is dedicated to the equally heroic and imaginative experimental efforts devoted to verifying the predictions of the theorists, many of which gathered Nobel Prizes. As the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) spews out massive amounts of data, scientists are waiting with bated breath for the Higgs or its absence. Either way it would be a momentous event and would point to new, hitherto unexplored directions. Overall I would strongly recommend Close's book as one of the best accounts of both the post-war development of particle physics and of the idiosyncratic human side of science that I have read. The story is as epic as any great novel and packed with fascinating characters. Close tells it exceedingly well.
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21 of 22 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars The Higgs Boson Explained December 13, 2011
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
This review is being written on 14 December 2011 just after
CERN announced to a packed press conference in Geneva that
it had found evidence of the existence of the Higgs boson.
While this is not as sensational as the first landing on the
Moon, it is a partial verification of the relevance to the
real world of various developments made in theoretical
physics since 1950.

So what is needed is an authoritative book explaining what
is CERN, who is Higgs and what is a boson? Frank Close
has written such a book in advance of the press conference.
He is a senior physicist and an experienced writer about
science. He interviewed participants, read papers and
other documents and used his own expertise to give a
useful account of the sequence of events.

Inevitably the technical aspects of renormalization and
bosons are glossed over to some extent. `If all this
could be summarized in a few sentences it would not be
worth a Nobel prize.' Close has quite a lot to say about
several Nobel prize awards as well as explaining how
high level progress in science is achieved.

The difficulty facing this or any other reviewer is
specifying the professional background needed to read
the book. At the very least, experience in any of the
physical sciences and/or the history of technology helps.
However anyone with an interest in physics will
benefit from reading some or all `Infinity Puzzle'.
Comment | 
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16 of 17 people found the following review helpful
3.0 out of 5 stars This book is for the historian of physics May 10, 2012
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
If you are interested in the minute details of who-did-what-first in the evolution of the Standard Model, and you really care about who got Nobel prizes and who did not but really deserved to, then this is the book for you. I don't care about either very much, so a good part of this book was a waste of my time.

The descriptions of basic physics models is always very challenging, and Close tries to do a good job of it. He does manage to get across a lot about how fundamental particles behave, but the various theories he discusses are just names, with no substantive content. I know that in mathematics, there are many areas that simply cannot be explained to the non-mathematical layperson, and that may be true of modern physics as well. However, in other fields that I know (population biology and economics, for instance) the important stuff can be fully explained with only the most minimal use of mathematical formalism. I am searching for a popular account of the Standard Model with this attractive feature.
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Most Recent Customer Reviews
5.0 out of 5 stars Dense, informative
Incredibly dense but informative summary of theoretical physics in the 20th century.

Although the book takes pains to avoid using equations (I assume at the publisher's... Read more
Published 1 month ago by Paul
5.0 out of 5 stars A complete summary of the development of quantum chromodynamics, weak...
Without any mathematics, Frank Close gives a clear and succinct history of the threads of thought that led to the solution of the paradoxes infecting the logic behind our... Read more
Published 1 month ago by Edward J. Schmahl
5.0 out of 5 stars I can't grade this guy's work
I can't say I understand everything Professor Close says but it sure is interesting to look over his shoulder. I like the way this guy tells it.
Published 1 month ago by curmudgeon
4.0 out of 5 stars The history of how the Standard Model is confirmed
Professor Close, using preserved records and personal interviews, narrates a story of how the current understanding of the structure of the universe has been painstakingly pasted... Read more
Published 3 months ago by W. Cheung
5.0 out of 5 stars infinity puzzle
It was every interesting. Gave me a good update on why particle physics is important.
For those interested in this fiel it is a must read
Published 4 months ago by duane bude
5.0 out of 5 stars The Infinity Puzzle is solved but more to be done
"The Infinity Puzzle" spells out the motivation for building the "Large Hadron Collider" recently used to demonstrate the existence of the "Higgs Boson", thus validating... Read more
Published 4 months ago by Jim Phelan
5.0 out of 5 stars An excellent for all backgrounds
My PhD is in particle physics (early string theory) and this is the most fascinating book I've come across on the broad topic. Read more
Published 4 months ago by Stanley Klein
5.0 out of 5 stars Close's Infinity Puzzle is Dazzling
Frank Close's Infinity Puzzle is jam-packed with illuminating details about many well-known developments in modern physics. Read more
Published 9 months ago by R. H. Page
5.0 out of 5 stars Infinity Puzzle
The author's style of teaching matches my style of learning extremely well making the concepts of particle physics easier to understand, as well as giving an excellent historical... Read more
Published 9 months ago by Marco
4.0 out of 5 stars An interesting idea about the quantum physics.
Close proposes an interesting interpretation of experience of Yang-Mills. The fact that there is the possibility for generating matters produces strong implications in mathematics,... Read more
Published 10 months ago by Edoardo Angeloni
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