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China has matured as a market—and the game has changed. Yesterday, multinationals grappled with fundamental strategic choices: Do we go to China? Whom do we partner with? Where should we invest? Winning in China was all about achieving approval to enter the market, picking the right joint venture partner and selling in the right few cities to the right customers. Execution didn’t matter as much as privileged access—through government and partner relationships.
Today, China is teeming with MNCs and local competitors. Government is no longer the main driver of deals. Barriers to entry have fallen. Regulations are less of a factor. Partners are no longer required in many industries. Winning now depends on great execution: effectively and efficiently developing, marketing, producing, and channeling goods to customers and growing and retaining a talent base.
In Operation China, Jimmy Hexter and Jonathan Woetzel explain how you can achieve superior execution in China—through operations including talent management, product development, information technology, procurement, supply-chain management, manufacturing, and sales, marketing, and distribution.
Based on over two decades of consulting experience for both local and multinational operations in China and extensive research on what drives success in operating in China, this book helps you get your operations right in the new competitive arena defining China today.
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Martin makes a compelling argument for a paradoxical approach to problem-solving. --BusinessWeek, November 26, 2007
...compelling...the thesis that fresh thought processes are required to deal with the world s contradictions and complexities rings true. --The Financial Times, December 19, 2007
I am a recovering strategy consultant turned business school Dean. My passion these days (other than tennis and wine) is exploring mysteries related to the ways we think about or model our world. I've looked, for example, for common patterns in the way successful leaders tackle difficult 'either/or' dilemmas. I've explored how it is that corporations drive out innovation - even as they desperately seek it. And most recently, I've examined the way in which theories that are meant to help corporations achieve financial goals and make shareholders rich actually produce the opposite. In each of my books, I attempt to understand a particular way in which our thinking can get in our own way, and provide specific advice for addressing that challenge.
Check out my books to the left and visit my website (www.rogerlmartin.com) if you want to see more of my writing.
As I began to read this brilliant book, I was reminded of what Doris Kearns reveals about Abraham Lincoln in Team of Rivals. Specifically, that following his election as President in 1860, Lincoln assembled a cabinet whose members included several of his strongest political opponents: Edwin M. Stanton as Secretary of War (who had called Lincoln a "long armed Ape"), William H. Seward as Secretary of State (who was preparing his acceptance speech when Lincoln was nominated), Salmon P. Chase as Secretary of the Treasury (who considered Lincoln in all respects his inferior), and Edward Bates as Attorney General who viewed Lincoln as a well-meaning but incompetent administrator but later described him as "very near being a perfect man."
Presumably Roger Martin agrees with me that Lincoln possessed what Martin views as "the predisposition and the capacity to hold two [or more] diametrically opposed ideas" in his head and then "without panicking or simply settling for one alternative or the other," was able to "produce a synthesis that is superior to either opposing idea." Throughout his presidency, Lincoln frequently demonstrated integrative thinking, a "discipline of consideration and synthesis [that] is the hallmark of exceptional businesses [as well as of democratic governments] and those who lead them."
The great leaders whom Martin discusses (e.g. Martha Graham, George F. Kennan, Isadore Sharp, A.G. Lafley, Lee-Chin, and Bob Young) developed a capacity to consider what Thomas C. Chamberlain characterizes as "multiple working hypotheses" when required to make especially complicated decisions. Like Lincoln, they did not merely tolerate contradictory points of view, they encouraged them.... Only in this way could they and their associates "face constructively the tension of opposing ideas and, instead of choosing one at the expense of the other, generate a creative resolution of the tension [whatever its causes may be] in the form of a new idea that contains elements of the opposing ideas but is superior to each."
This process of consideration is based on a quite different model than the more commonly employed scientific method based on, as Martin explains, the working hypothesis that is used "to test the validity of a single explanatory concept through trial and error and experimentation." He rigorously examines the process of integrative thinking in terms of four constituent parts: salience, causality, architecture, and resolution. He devotes a separate chapter to each, citing dozens of real-world examples, and then (in Chapter 5), he introduces a framework within which his reader can also develop integrative thinking capacity.
For me, some of the most interesting and most valuable material is provided in Chapter 7 as Martin explains how integrative thinkers "connect the dots." He cites Taddy Blecher (co-founder of CIDA City Campus, an innovative South African university) as one example. I think the details are best revealed within their context. Suffice to say now that for Blecher, "existing models are to his mind just models, each with something useful to offer." However, his objective was to find a better model of post-secondary education and Martin examines Blecher's use of "two of the three most powerful tools at the disposal of integrative thinkers," generative reasoning and causal modeling, to achieve that objective. He also discusses a third tool, assertive inquiry, and offers aspiring integrative thinkers a few lessons along the way.
In the next and final chapter, Martin suggests that "mastery without originality becomes rote" whereas "originality without mastery is flaky if not entirely random." Successful leaders integrate both while strengthening their skills and nurturing their imagination. They realize that existing models can be informative but are imperfect. They leverage opposing models, convinced that better models exist and can be found. And they "wade into complexity," allowing themselves time to be creative as they expand and nourish their personal knowledge systems. Throughout their own process of discovery, readers will be guided and informed by what Roger Martin so generously and eloquently shares in this brilliant book.
Those who share my high regard for it are urged to check out David Whyte's The Heart Aroused and Judgment co-authored by Noel Tichy and Warren Bennis as well as Howard Gardner's Five Minds for the Future, Justin Menkes's Executive Intelligence, Richard Ogle's Smart World, Albert Borgmann's Holding On to Reality, and Gary Hamel's The Future of Management.Read more ›
This books starts off by presenting the concept of the "integrative thinker", which is a person who has "the predisposition and capacity to hold two diametrically opposing ideas in their heads. And then without panicking or simply settling for one alternative or the other, they're able to produce a synthesis that is superior to either opposing idea"
If you look closely at this and read the examples in the book of the "opposable mind" in action, you'll begin to notice an assumption that we have no reason to believe is true.
The Main Assumption: Focusing on the two (or more) alternatives leads to the third alternative chosen.
There is no reason to believe that the managers in the situations in this book developed further possibilities and alternatives from the apparent existing possibilities and alternatives. In most of the situations given as examples in the book, the managers appeared to be developing new possibilities out of a more fundamental knowledge of the situation at hand, rather than "integrating" and focusing on a few possible reactions to a situation.
I think that this book mainly serves as a red herring to those looking to develop creative thinking. Creative thinking is not linear as this book suggests. You typically don't develop the third alternative by focusing on the first two any more than you develop the second alternative by focusing on the first.
1. Much of the inner structure of the superior business mind is implicit, tacit, and mostly functions non-verbally on the unconscious level.
2. It is exceedingly hard to decompile and read the "machine language" of the superior business mind, probably because it is too complex and nuanced to be reduced to language.
3. Most business processes (as well as all institutional structure) are reduced to simplified, often grossly oversimplified diagrams, verbiage, mission statements, and employee manuals which cannot capture the true dynamism of the environment.
4. It is also exceedingly difficult to fully appreciate, and for many, to appreciate at all what box one is in, what box one's organization is in, what box one's culture is in... and without that appreciation it is impossible to step outside of the box in order to work with it creatively.
5. It was said of Jack Welch that he was a master of out of the box thinking, but he was also a master of inside the box thinking. Is any reader of Opposable Mind prepared to make a detailed life inventory of what constitutes "inside the box" and "outside the box" as it applies to his or her self image, his or her organization, his or her community, his or her culture ? If not, why not ?
6. The Opposable Mind is an overgeneralization. It could signify internalizing the forms of Systems Thinking as semi-linear strategic applications of the concept, or it could refer to full on Dual Hemispheric cognition in terms of brain organization, or it could refer to collective processes of inquiry that place value on opposition, challenge, unfamiliarity, and synthesis.
7.... Most business books are inadequate because they are unable to grapple with the emotional and cognitive dimensions of high quality thinking. Pity the MBA candidates whose fresh minds are stuffed with this confetti.
8. To some extent, Opposable Thought is teachable. There may, however, be strong (and destructively constricted) cultural or sub-cultural biases against anything that smacks of ambivalence, nuance, or sensitivity. Overcoming the biases may require a strenuous process of losing one's sense of self importance, grandiosity, and that most endearing of all organizational traits, stubborness for stubborness sake. Many a leader has run his organization straight into the ground before he (or she) will risk looking less than regal before his subordinates.
9. The capacity for enduring isolation is a profoundly important ability without which one can never attain the state of leadership. Opposable Thought will, and must, first occur in a context of intellectual isolation. The Trappist Monks have so well understood the need for the strength to handle social isolation that they require each candidate to spend a FULL YEAR in total isolation deep in the back woods of Kentucky. Social Isolation is a subtle form of pusishment honed to razor sharpness in the corporate environment. Executives are a easily spooked lot. It takes a very strong man or woman to handle punitive (and often neurotically sadistic) isolation dynamics for the often long periods of creative gestation. Many talk about guts. Very few understand the real meaning of the term. Tough thinking DEMANDS the capacity to endure multiple forms of isolation, stiff necked psychodramae, and the birth pangs of an identity in transformation.
10. Opposable Thinking is not a blue pill or a red pill that you swallow when you "need to get psyched". Opposable Thinking is a form of life that requires focus, committment, curiosity, courage and vision. It forces the thinker to mentally exist in the box and out of the box simultaneously. Those who master this skill, and treat it as a long term investment in skill development will have a significant, substantial advantage across many platforms and playing fields.
I have no problem to apprehend the wisdom of Fitzgerald that "The test of a first rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposing ideas in mind at the same timeand still retain the ability to function. One should, for example, be able to see that things are hopeless yet be determined to make them otherwise.". However, I really cant appreciate the author's elaboration and modification of the above into his "Integrative Thinking and Opposable Mind" terminology and modelling, which to me are common practice of scholars to add to their collection of research papers with little value at all. Sorry to say that even de Bono's books can help more. In short, not recommended.
