Those familiar with the history of the telephone are well aware that the key patent for the telephone was filed at the US patent office independently by Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell on the same day in 1877. The conventional interpretation of this remarkable coincidence is that it was indeed a remarkable coincidence, or that somehow Gray tried to steal Bell's idea. The thesis of this book is that Bell (or one of his backers) was the likely thief and that Bell's patent was awarded through what may have been the greatest patent fraud in history. These are strong charges, but as the author shows, they are not new. In the years that followed this remarkable dual filing there were ten years of litigation and a congressional investigation aimed at sorting out who had the rightful claim as the father of the telephone. The author cites several other books that claim that Gray, not Bell was the inventor of the telephone. The author's key original contribution to this investigation was an analysis of Bell's laboratory notebook (long hidden from public view by the Bell family). This notebook contains a sketch of the telephone that is very similar to the one used by Gray in his filing, but it appears in Bell's notebook only AFTER Gray's and Bell's filings. Furthermore, there is no evidence that Bell was experimenting with the successful technique described by Gray prior to a trip that Bell took to Washington, during which time both he and Gray made their filings. Now as in the 19th century, the priority of an invention under US patent law (I hold 15 US patents so this is an area with which I have some knowledge) is based on the date that the idea was conceived, not the date at which a patent is applied for. This is why patent notebooks are kept and Bell's notebook does not support the case that he developed the telephone before Gray. On the contrary, Bell's notebook points to his involvement in a monumental fraud. The author cites a clear motive for fraud and many other curious occurrences that lay behind Bell's filing, including a deposition by the patent examiner in charge of the case that states that, in violation of the law, he showed Bell Gray's filing. I will not cite the many other factors that led the author to the conclusion that Bell, not Gray was guilty of fraud (some are covered in previous reviews), but suffices to say I think that the case against Bell is rather strong, strong enough to raise real questions concerning the accepted history of the development of the telephone.
Shulman is a journalist, not a historian, and the book reflects this. Rather than just being a chronological examination of the history, the book is written from the standpoint of the author's quest to understand who, if anyone, stole what from whom. Thus, about half the book is concerned with the process by which Shulman came to his conclusions and his learning how a professional historian should approach his subject. Interspersed with this is his evocation of Bell's life, Bell's work with the deaf, Bell's scientific investigations of the telegraph and telephone, and finally the possible motivation that may have led to his involvement in a blatant fraud.
I would have given the book 5 stars instead of only 4 were it not for a curious omission. The key court case (the Dowd patent case) is mentioned in several places, but is never (in my opinion at least) sufficiently presented. Bell prevailed over Gray's backers (Western Electric Co.) and as part of the settlement Western Electric was required to publicly state that Bell was the inventor of the telephone. Why, if the evidence against Bell was strong (even without the patent notebook, which was then not available) did Western Electric agree to make such a strong statement of Bell's priority over Gray and what if anything did Western Electric get from the settlement? This statement forms the bedrock of the Bell version of history. Without a clear discussion of why this statement was given, I got the impression that I was hearing from only one side of the case.
This book will be of interest to those interested in the history of technology, 19th century history and to the life and times of Alexander Graham Bell. The writing is clear and the book is a quick read. It may, however, raise the ire of Bell partisans (see some of the one star reviews), but even they will learn something if they approach this subject with an open mind.