The Triumph of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life [Paperback]

I. Bernard Cohen (Author)

Book Description

Publication Date: July 17, 2006

From the pyramids to mortality tables, Galileo to Florence Nightingale, a vibrant history of numbers and the birth of statistics.

The great historian of science I. B. Cohen explores how numbers have come to assume a leading role in science, in the operations and structure of government, in marketing, and in many other aspects of daily life. Consulting and collecting numbers has been a feature of human affairs since antiquity—taxes, head counts for military service—but not until the Scientific Revolution in the twelfth century did social numbers such as births, deaths, and marriages begin to be analyzed. Cohen shines a new light on familiar figures such as Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Charles Dickens; and he reveals Florence Nightingale to be a passionate statistician. Cohen has left us with an engaging and accessible history of numbers, an appreciation of the essential nature of statistics.

Editorial Reviews

From Publishers Weekly

Nowadays we think about almost everything in numerical terms, but this engaging essay shows that this mindset developed only gradually. Cohen, a historian of science (the book is published posthumously), explores the colonization of the modern mind by numbers, beginning with the scientific revolution of the 17th century, which formulated the laws of nature as mathematical relationships and applied numerical tests to validate them, and ending with Florence Nightingale's harnessing of her "passion for statistics" to sanitation reform in the 19th century. In between, he chronicles the application of numbers to everything from medicine to demographics and the growing penchant of governments for collecting statistics and using them to guide policy. Quantification spilled over into far-flung fields; one Enlightenment philosophe reduced ethics to an algebraic equation, and a statistician analyzed the quality of plays by the age of the playwright. The spread of statistics, Cohen shows, undermined belief in free will, fingered impersonal social conditions rather than individual agency for previously moralized phenomena like crime and introduced the all-powerful figure of the "average man" to social thought; the numerical elevation of "head" over "heart" inspired a backlash from critics like Dickens, whose Hard Times is a manifesto against the statistical way of life. Full of intriguing observations, this well-written, accessible study diagrams intellectual debates that continue to dominate the modern era. Photos. (Mar.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. --This text refers to the Hardcover edition.

Review

Brief, lively, and highly entertaining. (William Grimes - New York Times )

This book will inform and enlighten you. . . . [Cohen] paints a vivid picture of the rise of statistics. (Tom Korner - American Scientist )

See all Editorial Reviews

Product Details

• Paperback: 224 pages
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company (July 17, 2006)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0393328708
• ISBN-13: 978-0393328707
• Product Dimensions: 8.2 x 5.6 x 0.6 inches
• Shipping Weight: 6.4 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
• Average Customer Review: 4.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (6 customer reviews)
• Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #746,581 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

More About the Author

Discover books, learn about writers, read author blogs, and more.

Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews

12 of 12 people found the following review helpful:

3.0 out of 5 stars Sometimes Fascinating, Often Frustrating, Poorly Organized, June 10, 2005

By 

J Scott Morrison (Middlebury VT, USA) - See all my reviews
(TOP 50 REVIEWER)    (VINE VOICE)    (HALL OF FAME REVIEWER)    (REAL NAME)   

This review is from: The Triumph of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life (Hardcover)

This posthumously published book was finished only days before his death by I. Bernard Cohen, the founder of the Harvard Department of the History of Science. One has the sense that had he had more time to work on it it might have been better organized and more tightly focused. Although there are many fascinating facts and anecdotes in this short outline of the effects of numbers on modern life and the development of their use over the centuries, there are many divagations that don't add much to the story. When he takes time to correct the French in someone's book title, one wonders why he wastes space on that when he doesn't make it clear why he was citing the book in the first place. Still we meet such well-known characters as Kepler and Galileo, Jefferson and Franklin, and lesser known but fascinating thinkers like André Michel Guerry and Adolphe Quetelet who advanced the science of statistics and applied it to such sociological concerns as crime and punishment. We meet statistical Luddites like Dickens, who thought the collection of demographic data would be used against the average man. We finish with a weak chapter about Florence Nightingale's use of statistics in the medical realm. We do not venture on into the twentieth century.

This is a variably interesting but ultimately not very useful essay, I'm afraid. It is notable for its quirkily amusing anecdotes, but rather falls down when it attempts to convey the important uses to which numbers are put in modern life.

Scott Morrison

6 of 6 people found the following review helpful:

4.0 out of 5 stars A book about the people who were all about the numbers, February 2, 2006

By 

R. Kelly Wagner "[e-mail]" (MD, United States) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   

This review is from: The Triumph of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life (Hardcover)

This is a book about statistics and economics, without the statistics and economics. Cohen explains not just what a census is, or why someone started them, but how people came to realize that census data could be useful in the first place. That's the unique feature of this book - much like the question of who was the first guy to look at a lobster and wonder, is this thing edible?, we find out who was the first guy to look at a register of town deaths and think, "you know, we could tell something about the population of this city from this data!" The book is not about statistics; it's the stories of the people who first came to realize that numbers could be used to improve society rather than just to collect taxes from the populace.

I really enjoyed the anecdotes about the various numerical interests of famous people. For example, Thomas Jefferson's obsessive recording of numbers. Did you know that Jefferson calculated that to keep the populace and the politics of a country in good shape, there should be a minor revolution every 19 years?

Even more did I enjoy reading about Benjamin Franklin's fascination with magic squares. When Franklin was serving as clerk in the Pennsylvania Legislature, he frequently got bored to pieces and solved and designed magic squares. I liked this because when I'm at boring meetings, I hide pages torn from logic puzzle magazines in my notepad, and spend time doing them, and it looks as though I'm diligently taking notes; it is nice to learn that I am following in the footsteps of a master.

Later chapters come back to the part that population counts and demographics played in the founding of the USA, such as examples that a nineteenth century sociologist found of deliberate misuse of population numbers by the Americans in an effort to deceive the British.

As others have noted, the final chapter is about Florence Nightingale. Cohen emphasizes Nightingale's reform of the previously almost-nonexistent record-keeping in hopitals in the Crimea, and how she used this data to show that far more soldiers died of disease than of the wounds that initially brought them to hospitals. The illustration showing Nightingale's diagrams of the causes of death in the British army is neat - the diagrams are essentially pie charts, and when I was teaching quantitative software applications to college undergrads, I would have been quite pleased if they had produced charts this cogent. Nightingale considered this graphic representation of numbers, still a novelty at the time, so important that she had copies of the diagrams framed and sent to government officials, in order to keep the issues before their eyes.

If one expects a book about the development of statistics, then this book would be a disappointment; if one wants the stories of the people who first thought to put the early science of statistics to use for the improvement of society as a whole, then this is exactly what you are looking for. Although it's a bit dry for a popular book, and a bit scattered for an academic book, it is interesting enough to hold the attention of readers who want to know more about how we got the sciences of demographics and sociology, or anyone who ever wondered how insurance companies came to have all those actuarial tables. Among others who might enjoy the book would be young women in high school or college who are considering entering the social sciences; they will find the inclusion of Nightingale inspiring.

6 of 7 people found the following review helpful:

4.0 out of 5 stars Interesting History on Use of Numbers, May 2, 2005

By 

G. Poirier (Orleans, ON, Canada) - See all my reviews
(TOP 1000 REVIEWER)    (REAL NAME)   

This review is from: The Triumph of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life (Hardcover)

This short book discusses the history of the use of numbers to describe the world. The author starts off with a discussion on how numbers began to be used to describe physical items. Eventually, the discussion focuses mainly on the evolution of the use of numbers in the social sciences - hence, the birth of statistics. The book contains some fascinating information on how social statistics evolved, with an entire chapter devoted to Florence Nightingale. It should be emphasized that the focus is mainly on how numbers came to be used and not necessarily on the actual results obtained; thus, if the reader is expecting to see a discussion of the results, he or she may be disappointed at times. But this is a minor shortcoming. The book is well-written and clear. The author (deceased prior to the book's publication) was a well-seasoned expert on the history of science with a good number of publications to his credit.