Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War [Hardcover]

Matthew Evangelista (Author)

Book Description

Publication Date: May 1999

Throughout the Cold War, people worldwide feared that the U.S. and Soviet governments could not prevent a nuclear showdown. Citizens from both East-bloc and Western countries, among them prominent scientists and physicians, formed networks to promote ideas and policies that would lessen this danger. Two of their organizations--the Pugwash movement and the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War--won Nobel Peace Prizes. Still, many observers believe that their influence was negligible and that the Reagan administration deserves sole credit for ending the Cold War. The first book to explore the impact these activists had on the Soviet side of the Iron Curtain, Unarmed Forces demonstrates the importance of their efforts on behalf of arms control and disarmament. Matthew Evangelista examines the work of transnational peace movements throughout the Khrushchev, Brezhnev, and Gorbachev eras and into the first years of Boris Yeltsin's leadership. Drawing on extensive research in Russian archives and on interviews with Russian and Western activists and policymakers, he investigates the sources of Soviet policy on nuclear testing, strategic defense, and conventional forces. Evangelista concludes that transnational actors at times played a crucial role in influencing Soviet policy--specifically in encouraging moderate as opposed to hard-line responses--for they supplied both information and ideas to that closed society. Evangelista's findings challenge widely accepted views about the peaceful resolution of the Cold War. By revealing the connection between a state's domestic structure and its susceptibility to the influence of transnational groups, Unarmed Forces will also stimulate thinking about the broader issue of how government policy is shaped.

Product Details

• Hardcover: 400 pages
• Publisher: Cornell University Press (May 1999)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0801436281
• ISBN-13: 978-0801436284
• Product Dimensions: 9.5 x 6.4 x 1.2 inches
• Shipping Weight: 1.6 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
• Average Customer Review: 4.0 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (4 customer reviews)
• Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #3,557,723 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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Most Helpful Customer Reviews

6 of 6 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars How activist scientists helped end the Cold War, June 13, 1999

By A Customer

This review is from: Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War (Hardcover)

This is an excellent survey of how activist scientists in East and West interacted, throughout the four decade Cold War, to advance arms control goals: the Test Ban, the Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty, and nuclear disarmament especially. It details, in particular: the work of Bernard Lown in the 1980s (with International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War) on the test ban; the work of Thomas Cochran in the 1980s (With National Resources Defense Council) on private sector inspection of Russian activities; the work of Frank von Hippel (of Federation of American Scientists) in the 1980s in linking American activists to Russian activist scientists, and my own work in the 1960s to catalyze and promote an ABM Treaty and my subsequent work in the latter half of the 1980s (for Federaton of American Scientists) to prevent the Reagan Star Wars program from derailing disarmament. But this book details much heretofore unknown about the Russian reactions to these efforts and their own struggles, with Andre Sakharov and other participants, to advance arms control. And it contains interesting theories about how these interactions worked. (A more detailed and personal survey of my own work appears in "Every Man Should Try": Adventures of a Public Interest Activist, PublicAffairs, 1999)

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars A uniquely valuable work, July 3, 2001

By 

John Tirman (MIT, Cambridge MA) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   

This review is from: Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War (Hardcover)

Matthew Evangelista has written a unique and powerful book, one that stands out as the most plausible explanation for how and why the Cold War ended. Virtually no one else in journalism, the academy, or think tanks has developed the insights and the research displayed in UNARMED FORCES. That international civil society played a pivotal role in convincing the Soviet Union to stand down from the dangerous and wasteful competition of the Cold War is a remarkably perceptive understanding of a complex phenonomenon, and Evangelista argues this with the benefit of solid research in the U.S. and USSR. A truly remarkable achievement in every respect---intelligent, readable, and revolutionary.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful:

5.0 out of 5 stars Winner of the 2000 Marshall Shulman Book Prize, November 29, 2000

By A Customer

This review is from: Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War (Hardcover)

CITATION FOR MARSHALL SHULMAN BOOK PRIZE for an outstanding monograph on the international behavior of the countries of the former Communist bloc funded by the Harriman Institute, Columbia University awarded by the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies (AAASS)

By shedding new light on the Soviet system and how it made foreign policy, Matthew Evangelista's book Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War, published by Cornell University Press, illuminates the cold war and how it came to an end. Evangelista focuses on "transnational actors," particularly, prominent scientists and physicians in the Pugwash movement and the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War and their roles throughout the Khrushchev, Brezhnev, and Gorbachev eras in shaping Soviet and American attitudes toward nuclear testing, strategic defense, and conventional force reductions. These scientists and doctors labored for decades often against great odds in both countries to try to reduce the danger of nuclear war. While it has generally been thought that these scientists had little influence on Soviet foreign policy, Evangelista shows, on the basis of exhaustive research in Soviet archives, interviews with Russian and American activists, and a broad range of other primary and secondary sources, that neither the cold war nor its demise can be understood without taking into account the role of transnational groups. By supplying information and ideas to a closed decision-making structure, these groups were able to encourage moderate responses and provide technical expertise to strengthen the arguments of those within the political elite who favored an end to the arms race. The book will challenge those who feel that it was the Reagan policy of Star Wars that was primarily responsible for an end to the Cold War, by showing that decades of linkages amongst an international network of scientists had prepared the groundwork for moderation on the Soviet side and for a revision in American thinking about the Soviet threat. In this sense, Evangelista's topic and his extensive research into it offer both new insights into the past and grist for important future research. Additionally, those who argue for the importance of maintaining exchange agreements and cooperative relations across borders even amongst adversaries will also find support from this major and important study.

(The award was presented on November 11, 2000 at the AAASS 32nd National Convention in Denver, Colorado).